LACTANTIUS’ DE IRA DEI: AN EXPLICATION OF THE ARGUMENTS AND STUDY OF LACTANTIUS’ TREATMENT OF GRECO-ROMAN PHILOSOPHY by CAROLYN M. HARVEY (Under the Direction of Erika T. Hermanowicz) ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Lactantius’ philosophical tract, De Ira Dei, discussing its arguments and arrangement. It also addresses Lactantius’ treatment of Greco-Roman philosophy, showing that while Lactantius is grounded in this philosophy he also goes beyond it into the development of his own thought. A close comparison between Lactantius’ De Ira Dei and Seneca’s De Ira is used to exemplify Lactantius’ treatment of Greco-Roman philosophy. INDEX WORDS: Lactantius, Anger, De Ira Dei LACTANTIUS’ DE IRA DEI: AN EXPLICATION OF THE ARGUMENTS AND STUDY OF LACTANTIUS’ TREATMENT OF GRECO-ROMAN PHILOSOPHY by CAROLYN M. HARVEY B.A., Creighton University, 1996 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2003 © 2003 Carolyn M. Harvey All Rights Reserved LACTANTIUS’ DE IRA DEI: AN EXPLICATION OF THE ARGUMENTS AND STUDY OF LACTANTIUS’ TREATMENT OF GRECO-ROMAN PHILOSOPHY by CAROLYN M. HARVEY Major Professor: Erika T. Hermanowicz Committee: Sarah Spence Robert R. Harris Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2003 DEDICATION This paper is dedicated to my wonderful mother, Karen E. Conoán, for her inspiration, encouragement, and tireless editing, and to my husband Brian for his unfailing support of all my aspirations. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Erica Hermanowicz for her guidance and direction. This paper would not have been possible without her generous contributions. I would also like to thank all those who taught me Classics; their enthusiasm, encouragement and support keeps the field alive. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 EXPLICATION OF THE ARGUMENTS IN THE DE IRA DEI....................5 De Ira Dei Chapters 1 – 6: The Four Parameters.......................................5 De Ira Dei Chapters 7 and 8: Human Superiority over the Brutes............11 De Ira Dei Chapters 9 and 10: Necessity of Providence and Refutation of Atomism..............................................................................................14 De Ira Dei Chapters 11 – 16: Presentation of Christian Belief.................20 De Ira Dei Chapters 17 – 21: The Nature of Divine Anger......................28 De Ira Dei Chapters 22 – 24: Divine Testimonies and Exhortation toward Piety.............................................................................................35 2 LACTANTIUS’ TREATMENT OF GRECO-ROMAN PHILOSOPHY...... .....................................................................................39 Audience .................................................................................................39 Purposes for Use of Greco-Roman Philosophy.........................................41 Revelation................................................................................................44 Lactantius’ Sources..................................................................................46 “Golden Age” of Philosophy....................................................................47 vi Use of Philosophy to Support Christian Ideas...........................................48 Christian Issues Which Lack Classical Support........................................51 Rejection of Epicureanism .......................................................................53 Rhetorical Treatment of Epicureanism .....................................................55 Conclusion...............................................................................................57 3 COMPARISON OF SENECA’S DE IRA AND LACTANTIUS’ DE IRA DEI ...............................................................................................59 Definition and Properties of Anger...........................................................60 Control of Anger......................................................................................63 Relationship Between Anger and Reason..................................................66 Role of Anger in the Correction of Wrongdoing.......................................67 Conclusion...............................................................................................71 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................73 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................79 vii INTRODUCTION Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius was a North African rhetorician and Christian apologist who lived circa 240 – 320 C.E. Lactantius witnessed the evolution of Christianity into a politically acceptable religion under the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, and he participated in the active debate between this emerging belief system and the polytheism which continued to be predominant within society. When Constantine converted to Christianity, it was a little known and somewhat suspect religion, and though the members of his court were required to respect his choice, they were not quick to follow it. Christianity was still seen as a foreign and unrefined system of belief. Using his education and skills as a rhetorician, Lactantius sought to vindicate Christianity in the eyes of the non-Christian nobility by expressing Christian thought with eloquence and grace in the traditional, refined oratorical forms familiar to upper-class society. Although Lactantius wrote both secular and religious works, only his Christian pieces survive. His most comprehensive extant tract is the Divinae Institutiones, in which he seeks to explain Christian beliefs to the pagans, and his Epitome is a summary of this larger work. The De Opificio Dei argues that the beauty, functionality, and upright stance of man’s body reveals that he is created by God. The De Mortibus Persecutorum discusses the gruesome deaths met by the emperors who persecuted Christians, and the Phoenix is Lactantius’ one surviving poem. The De Ira Dei, the 1 subject of this thesis, addresses the anger of God, showing that God should, can, and does have anger. In the De Ira Dei, Lactantius deals with the philosophical question of whether or not God can be angry. If God is perfect, lacks nothing, and is truly whole in His being, could He possibly feel anger toward humans? Is He involved at all with humanity, did He create man, and is He concerned with human affairs? Should humans fear the punishment of a wrathful God? Lactantius writes this treatise to restore fear to religion, to show that God is provident and involved with mankind, and to disprove the Epicurean and Stoic proposition that God cannot have anger. Lactantius believes that anger in God is good and necessary. He defines anger as “motus animi ad coercenda peccata insurgentis”1 the motion of a mind rising up to correct faults. God uses anger to correct and prevent transgressions, thus enabling men to live in right relationship with each other as well as God, and ultimately to attain eternal happiness. Divine anger is correction, guidance, and ultimately, love. It is not, as the Stoic philosophers define it, rage, loss of control, vengeance, or repaying an injury. Instead, Lactantius argues that morally responsible agents in positions of power use anger to guide and correct their inferiors. “Surgimus ad vindictam, non quia laesi sumus, sed ut disciplina servetur, mores corrigantur, licentia conprimatur” (17.7). Divine anger is a positive force which results from God’s concern for human well-being and acts as a disciplinary agent which “et utilis est rebus humanis et necessaria” (17.21). My first chapter provides a careful exposition of Lactantius’ arguments, proceeding methodically through the text and reconstructing the reasoning by which he 1 17.20. All Latin citations of De Ira Dei taken from La Colère de Dieu, trans. and ed. Christiane Ingremeau (Paris: Les éditions du cerf, 1982). 2 establishes the necessity of divine anger. I divide the treatise into five blocks, and demonstrate how Lactantius purposefully arranges each section to persuade his audience gradually of his claims. Topics prevalent in this discussion are the bundling of emotions, the deconstruction of atomism, the presentation of the Christian world view, Lactantius’ own definition and understanding of anger, and evidence for divine anger from non- Christian oracular sources. By carefully outlining and clarifying the progression of Lactantius’ treatise, I make his arguments more readily available to modern readers and provide a solid basis for further study. Chapter One of my thesis carefully analyzes how Lactantius interweaves his thought at every opportunity with that of prior Greco-Roman philosophers, grounding his treatise upon the foundation constructed by these respected and revered authors. Chapter Two focuses upon the nature of the relationship between Lactantius and the philosophers to whom he refers. Lactantius makes deliberate choices to connect his thinking with certain philosophies while distancing it from others, and I show that these choices are largely made to appeal to his audience.