i THE ROCSEV 'SLT OOROLLARY '1'0 THE MONROE DOCTRINE 11 TO TEE By :'l!LLIA.A~ ISAA C ,VA, T'l'ID!WS Baehelor of Arts Panhandle Ag:ri.cultural and Mechanical C";0llege Goodwell, Okl ahoma. 1936 SUbm1tted t o the Department of History Ok:la.hor.m Agricultural and t!echa..ri i ca.l t.~ollege In Part1a.1 Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of lU.STER OF ARTS 194g iii APPROVED B Yl Z!JZU~ of the' lfhes1s Oomm i ttee iv PREFACE In preparing this the.sis the writer intends to show by means of d1plomat1o oorrespondenoe• documents of Ameri­ can history, private co:rrespondenoe t Annals of Oongress, American State Papers. and a wide range of secondary sources that the "Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • was but the natural and l og1oa1 product of the times :-,.ud event e of this period. The Roosevelt Corollary was the only meth­ od of preserving American soil from ruropean aggression .. The United States h ;; ~d reached 1 ts natural boundary on the west in 1848, and muny Latin Ame r icans feared that the United St.ates was preparing to exp:md south a ero as the Rio Gra.pde. The Industrialists of tiorth America were looking ,:1.cross the Rio Grande -.:11th coveteous eyes, but it i s v ,::1:y ct oubtful if even t hey \·,eTe in favor of the United 3t::~t es t a.king over the terri to:ry in Latin A.me:rica , for t he i i· pro­ fits were huge1 much greater than t heir investl:1.ent s pro­ duced in the United states. Their risks 1.1ere greG.ter but so were the proceeds f r om their invest ments. The statesmen of Lati n A.rnerica. prof~ssed to see in the Olney •fiat" and the Ro osevelt Oorollary a great danger hanging over them, and with Latin Am erioa.n impetuosity be­ gan a vitrolio attack upon the United St.::~te s with t ongue and pen. >'.\ l a tent fear had b een in the breast of the Latin American since the '?far with Mexico in 1848. 'l'he Spanish Americ:1n Wa1~ and the events that r apidly follfn,ed V ga': e them much reason to fear their North A.merioa.n neighbor. Yet the enforcement of the Monroe Do ctrine and the v a.rioue corol l a ries to t hat doctrine have shielded ta.ti n America from the fate of Africa and Asia. Much has been written 1n oondemnation of t he policy of tho Unit ed States in Latin Ame rica, but looking upon the ma.pa of Africa and Asi a where no Monroe Do ctrine existed , one is foroed to conclude that there would i n all probability be no i ndependent nations in Central and Sout.h Amerioa had not the United States prooL.• .i med t he L;onroe Doctrine 01· some other similar policy. The materials fo·r this study have been obtained from t he libraries of the Oklahoma Agricultural Oollege , the University of Oklahoma, the Western Stat e Teaoher• s Col­ l ege of aolora.do , and the Color ado University , and , a lso , a g reat amotmt of material. f rom the personal collection of data. in the office of Dr. T. H. Reynolds, Rea.d o:f the His­ tory Department I Oklahoma A. & M. College... The wri t er wlstrne to express his gr a.t itude a.nd th3.n ks to the librari ans and their assistant 5a for their hel pfulness , courtesy, and patience ,jlj'hile making this study, a l so to the i nst ructors i n the itistory Department of Oklahoma A. &: 11 .. Colle;;e the writer wi .shes to express h is s1noere appreoi­ a.tion for the advice and hel p g iven h.i m while prepari ng t his thesis .• W. I. M.. vi COWTENTS CHAPTER I. Background and ea.l'ly hiet.ory of t he .Monroe Doctrine. Formation of the Holy Allin.nce--Purpose of the Holy A.lliance --Proposed re-conqu e st of Spanish Ami:rica-England' s oppo­ sition to the .re-conquest- A bi-lateral proposal-- Th8 dec­ la.ration of Mon~ue Doctrine unilatera.l.ly-- ·First deoade of Monroe Doctrine-Ethe Fa lkland I sland oasa--Bitter criticisr1s of the United Statea--Repe:rcussions from the rest of t he world on the Monroe noctrine. Other incidents l eading up to the Roosevelt oo rolla..ry •. CHAP'fER II.. THE ROOSff~LT 00!:tOLLARY. The Venezuelan b oundary dispute w·ith Or5at Britain- England at first refuse s a rbi- t ra.tion-fhe Olney-Sa.lis'bury col."respondenoe-Olr..ey• s A.m e ri­ oan "fiat• statemen.t-Sa.lisbury'* s suggestion of a new int er­ pretation of the Nonroe Do otrine--Oleveland's ultimatum to Grea t Britain--G.reat Britain agrees to arbitrate--Latin Ame rican discontent with the American *fiat" sta t ement of Olney- blunt statement o:t the i ntervention policy of t ., e United States in Latin Amerioa~lon-interventionist s in ta.tin America and their arguments-The Venezuelan debt epi ­ sode--C.ermany' s r efusal to a.ib itrata--Roosevel t t s susp1o1on of the intentions of Germany- A. supposed oonversation­ Germany deci des to aooept a.rbi t ration-Roosevelt stat es hi s corolla ry in a. message to Oongr-atSs--A new role for the Unit~d States in La tin Amerioa.--The new interp:ret?..tion in p ract ice--The con di t i ons wh i ch mdde the co:rolls. ry unavo.id­ able. CHAP'l'B:R III. CONCLUSION.. 111-::Ceeling in La.tin Amerioa -­ Wilson ' s "Watch:f'ul-wai ting• polio-y-.Harding-Ooolidge "dollar' di plomacy-Hooverl s Good-will amba.saa do1·s--- The Good Neig hbor Policy-The D1·ago Doc·trine--Hemi spherio Sol id­ a.xity-Th.e ev olution of the Monroe Doctrine i nto Hemi sp:J.·,eric S.olida.rit;i/--Pa.n- Am erica nism and its prog r am of · utua l unde:r­ standing--'i'he vindio.-1tion of the Roo s evelt C,. rollary t o t he Monroe Do ctrine,.. THE ROOSEVELT COROLLA.RT TO THE MOf'ffiOE 00 CTRINE CHAP-TERI The most influential figure a,t the Oongress of Vienna. in 1815 was Prince Metternich of Austrta , who evolved the Metter­ niohian principle of absolutism f .or Europe. One of the direct outcomes of this principle was the formation of the Holy Alli­ ance by Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Spa in. This Alliance had for 1 ts purpose the st.ampi ng eut in Europe all republican i dea.a and movements fomented by the French Revol ution; and scattered throughout Europe by the Napoleonic conquests. Another question taken under advisement by the Holy Alli­ ance vas the re-conquest of the Latin Ame rican_countries , to place them a.gain under the domination of Spain. The .!\111- ance considered the re-<:t'onqu.est of these coimtries impera­ tive for two reasons: first• the restora tion of. th.e ~a.nish monarchical system over her former colonies; second,. the Up­ rooting of republican ideas engendered b,- the revolutions of these countries. The Spanish oolonies in America had refused to recognize the brother of Napoleon as king of Spain, and had deola r ed the1:r independence from the mother country during the period from 1809 to 1823.. This created fifteen Spanish-Ame rican republics extending froni the H1o Grande in the north to Caf) e Horn on the South. !.toet of these republics had patterned their governments after that of the United Sta.tea, their neig hbor to the no:rth,. Iri the past Spain bad r eaped a. rich harvest from her colonial empire and d esired to :re-a.tta.oh them, but she realized her impotence to do so without the active aid of her sister mona.rohies. The Holy Allia nce made overtures to both England and France to join with it in this venture for 1 without the -1. s­ si stance of France and ,, at least, the neutralit.y of Great Britai n , she knew the utter futility of its efforts. France, during the Napoleonic wars,, ha.d bui.lt up a strong veteran army,. and Great Britain was supreme on the seas. As allies these two oountries wo u ld b e invaluable, but as enenlies they would constitute an impassable barrier to the conquest of Latin A.meriea. France, at first, was inclined to favor the move • bl,lt dallied until the policy of England might be as,ceTtained. During t,he Napoleonic v.nrs England bad developed a. lucrative trade with the Central and South American oountr1ee, and had no desire to see this trade revert to Spanish ohannels. Through the Poligna.c Agreement,, sometimes called the Polignac Memorandum, England reached a.n agreement with France, whereby the latter ooun:t:ry would take no a.ot1ve part in the re­ oonquest. l l 3 George Canning.• the British r"o reign Minister, was con­ t emptuous of the Holy Alliance and its :1ctivities. In Octo­ ber, 1822, tbe powe rs of Europe had met at Verona to consi­ der the :f'eas1b1lity of restoring the Spanish monarchy in the countries of Central and of South America.