Thoughts on Dark Matter: windows to dark world ? Zurab Berezhiani Thoughts on Dark Matter: Summary Introduction windows to dark world ? Dark Matter Enigma Mirror Matter Zurab Berezhiani B-L violating processes and origin of observable and University of L'Aquila and LNGS dark matter Neutron{mirror neutron ICNFP 2016, OAC, Kolymbari, 6-14 July 2016 oscillation The neutron lifetime enigma Conclusions Backup Supersymmetry Contents Thoughts on Dark Matter: windows to dark world ? 1 Introduction Zurab Berezhiani 2 Dark Matter Enigma Summary Introduction 3 Mirror Matter Dark Matter Enigma Mirror Matter 4 B-L violating processes and origin of observable and dark matter B-L violating processes and 5 origin of Neutron{mirror neutron oscillation observable and dark matter 6 The neutron lifetime enigma Neutron{mirror neutron oscillation 7 Conclusions The neutron lifetime enigma 8 Conclusions Backup Backup 9 Supersymmetry Supersymmetry Some epochal discoveries after 30's of XIX ... Thoughts on Dark Matter: Anti-matter, 1931-32 windows to dark world ? Zurab Berezhiani Summary Introduction Dark matter , 1932-33 Dark Matter Enigma Mirror Matter B-L violating processes and origin of Neutron, 1932-33 observable and dark matter Neutron{mirror neutron oscillation The neutron Parity Violation, 1956-57 lifetime enigma Conclusions Backup Supersymmetry CP Violation, 1964 ...and a prophetic idea on the origin of matter Thoughts on Dark Matter: windows to dark world ? Zurab Berezhiani A dreamer ... Andrey Sakharov, 1967 Summary Matter (Baryon asymmetry) in the early universe Introduction can be originated (from zero) by processes that Dark Matter Enigma Violate B (better B L) − Mirror Matter Violate CP B-L violating processes and and go out-of-equilibrium at some early epoch origin of observable and dark matter Neutron{mirror neutron oscillation The neutron lifetime enigma I want to pose a question in this way: Conclusions Can the issues of the antimatter, dark matter, neutron, parity, Backup CP-violation, baryon violation and some other issues of Standard Supersymmetry Model more intimately related ? Standard Model on T-shirts Thoughts on Dark Matter: windows to dark world ? Zurab Berezhiani Summary Introduction Dark Matter Enigma Mirror Matter B-L violating processes and origin of observable and dark matter Neutron{mirror neutron oscillation The neutron lifetime enigma Conclusions Fermions (= matter): quarks and leptons, 3 generations Backup Bosons (= interactions): gauge fields + God's particle { Higgs Supersymmetry Standard Model vs. P, C, T and B & L Thoughts on Fermions: Dark Matter: windows to dark uL νL world ? qL = ; lL = ; uR ; dR ; eR dL eL Zurab Berezhiani B=1/3 L=1 B=1/3 L=1 Summary Introduction Anti-Fermions: Dark Matter Enigma u¯R ν¯R q¯R = ; l¯R = ;u ¯L; d¯L; e¯L Mirror Matter d¯ e¯ R R B-L violating B=-1/3 L=-1 B=-1/3 L=-1 processes and origin of observable and dark matter = + + CPT is OK (Local Lagrangian) LSM LGauge LHiggs LYuk Neutron{mirror neutron ¯ oscillation P (ΨL ! ΨR )& C (ΨL ! ΨL) broken by gauge interactions The neutron ¯ u;d;e lifetime enigma CP (ΨL ! ΨR ) broken by complex Yukawas Y = Yij Conclusions (¯u Y q φ¯+d¯ Y q φ+e ¯ Y l φ)+(u Y ∗q¯ φ+d Y ∗q¯ φ¯+e Y ∗l¯ φ¯) Backup L u L L d L L e L R u R R d R R e R Supersymmetry There are no renormalizable interactions which can break B and L ! Good for our stability, Bad for baryogenesis Baryogenesis requires new physics: B & L can be violated only in higher order (non-renormalizable) terms Thoughts on Dark Matter: 1 ¯ ¯ 2 windows to dark M (lφ)(lφ) (∆L = 2) { neutrino (seesaw) masses mν v =M world ? • ∼ Zurab Berezhiani Summary L=2 Introduction MM Dark Matter GL=2 Enigma NN Mirror Matter l l l l B-L violating processes and 1 origin of M5 (udd)(udd) (∆B = 2) { neutron-antineutron oscillation n n¯ observable and • ! dark matter Neutron{mirror neutron u u oscillation B=2 u u d d The neutron S M S lifetime enigma M d GB=2 d Conclusions NN d d Backup d d Supersymmetry can originate from new physics related to scale M vEW via seesaw Dark matter requires new physics Standard Model has no candidate for dark matter Thoughts on massive neutrino (∼ 20 eV) was a natural \standard" candidate of "hot" Dark Matter: dark matter (HDM) forming cosmological structures (Pencakes) { windows to dark world ? but it was excluded by astrophysical observations in 80's, Zurab Berezhiani and later on by the neutrino experiments! { RIP Summary In about the same period the BBN limits excluded dark matter Introduction in the form of invisible baryons (dim stars, etc.) { RIP Dark Matter Enigma Then a new Strada Maestra was opened { USY Mirror Matter S B-L violating { well-motivated theoretical concept promising to be a highway processes and origin of for solving many fundamental problems, brought a natural and observable and dark matter almost \Standard" candidate WIMP { undead, but looks useless Neutron{mirror neutron Another well-motivated candidate, Axion, emerged from Peccei-Quinn oscillation symmetry for solving strong CP problem { alive, but seems confused The neutron lifetime enigma Conclusions All other candidates in the literature are ad hoc ! Backup Apart one exception { Supersymmetry which may answer to tantalizing question: do baryogenesis and dark matter require two different new physics, or just one can be enough? Cosmic Concordance and Dark Side of the Universe Thoughts on Todays Universe: flat Ωtot 1 (inflation) and multi-component: Dark Matter: ≈ electron, proton, neutron windows to dark ΩB 0:05 observable matter: world ? ' ΩD 0:25 dark matter: WIMP? axion? sterile ν? ... Zurab Berezhiani ' ΩΛ 0:70 dark energy: Λ-term? Quintessence? .... Summary ' (Ω = Ω + Ω ) Introduction Matter { dark energy coincidence: ΩM =ΩΛ 0:45, M D B 3 ' Dark Matter ρΛ Const., ρM a− ; why ρM /ρΛ 1 { just Today? Enigma ∼ ∼ ∼ Antrophic explanation: if not Today, then Yesterday or Tomorrow. Mirror Matter B-L violating Baryon and dark matter Fine Tuning: ΩB =ΩD 0:2 processes and 3 3 ' origin of ρB a− , ρD a− : why ρB /ρD 1 - Yesterday Today & Tomorrow? observable and ∼ ∼ ∼ dark matter { How Baryogenesis could know about Dark Neutron{mirror neutron Matter? popular models for primordial Ba- oscillation ryogenesis (GUT-B, Lepto-B, Affleck-Dine The neutron lifetime enigma B, EW B ...) have no relation to popular Conclusions DM candidates (Wimp, Wimpzilla, sterile ν, Backup axion, gravitino ...) Supersymmetry { Anthropic? Another Fine Tuning in Particle Physics and Cosmology? Coincidence of luminous and dark matter fractions: why ΩD =ΩB ∼ 1 ? or why mB ρB ∼ mX ρX ? Thoughts on Visible matter from Dark Matter: Baryogenesis ( Sakharov) windows to dark B (B L) & CP violation, Out-of-Equilibrium world ? − 9 ρB = mB nB , mB 1 GeV, η = nB =nγ 10− Zurab Berezhiani ' ∼ η is model dependent on several factors: Summary coupling constants and CP-phases, particle degrees of freedom, Introduction Dark Matter mass scales and out-of-equilibrium conditions, etc. Enigma Mirror Matter Dark matter: ρD = mX nX , but mX = ? , nX = ? B-L violating n is model dependent: DM particle mass and interaction strength processes and X origin of (production and annihilation cross sections), freezing conditions, etc. observable and dark matter 5 4 Neutron{mirror Axion ma 10− eV na 10 nγ - CDM neutron ∼ ∼ oscillation 1 Neutrinos mν 10− eV nν nγ - HDM ( ) The neutron ∼ ∼ 3 × lifetime enigma Sterile ν0 m 10 keV n 10− n - WDM ν0 ∼ ν0 ∼ ν Conclusions Para-baryons mB0 1 GeV nB0 nB - SIDDM Backup ' ∼ 3 Supersymmetry WIMP m 1 TeV n 10− n - CDM X ∼ X ∼ B 14 14 WimpZilla m 10 GeV n 10− n - CDM X ∼ X ∼ B How these Fine Tunings look ... Thoughts on Dark Matter: windows to dark world ? Zurab Berezhiani B-genesis + WIMP B-genesis + axion B-cogenesis Summary 40 B"genesis ΕCP... 40 B-genesis HΕCP...L 40 B-genesis HΕCP...L Introduction ΡB ΡB ΡB 20 ! # 20 20 DM"freezing Σann... # L L 4 Dark Matter 4 4 0 0 0 GeV GeV GeV " Enigma ! # ΡDM -4 ΡDM -4 Ρ "4 Ρ Ρ Ρ 'a ΡDM Ρrad~a Ρrad~a ! rad H H Log Mirror Matter -20 Log -20 Log -20 "3 % -3 M=R -3 M=R Ρmat'a M R Ρmat~a Ρmat~a B-L violating -40 Ρ& -40 ΡL -40 ΡL processes and origin of -60 Today -60 Today -60 Today observable and -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 dark matter Log a a0 LogHaa0 L LogHaa0 L Neutron{mirror ! " # neutron oscillation mX nX mB nB mana mB nB mB0 nB0 mB nB ∼ 3 ∼ 13 ∼ The neutron mX 10 mB ma 10− mB mB0 mB lifetime enigma ∼ 3 ∼ 13 ∼ nX 10− nB na 10 nB nB nB Conclusions 0 Fine∼ Tuning? Fine∼ Tuning? Natural∼ ? Backup Supersymmetry SU(3) SU(2) U(1) & SU(3)0 SU(2)0 U(1)0 × × × × Thoughts on G G 0 Dark Matter: Regular world × Mirror world windows to dark world ? Zurab Berezhiani Summary Introduction Dark Matter Enigma Mirror Matter B-L violating 0 processes and • Two identical gauge factors, e.g. SU(5) × SU(5) , with identical field origin of 0 observable and contents and Lagrangians: Ltot = L + L + Lmix dark matter • Exact parity G ! G 0: no new parameters in dark Lagrangian L0 Neutron{mirror neutron oscillation • M sector is dark (for us) and the gravity is a common force (with us) The neutron lifetime enigma • M matter looks as non-standard for dark matter but it is truly standard Conclusions in direct sense, just as our matter (self-interacting/dissipative/asymmetric) Backup • New interactions are possible between O & M particles Lmix Supersymmetry • Natural in string/brane theory: O & M matters localized on two parallel 0 branes and gravity propagating in bulk: e.g.