University of Huddersfield Repository Kielkiewicz, Krzysztof Towards a Postmodern Concept of Spirituality Within European Population Original Citation Kielkiewicz, Krzysztof (2016) Towards a Postmodern Concept of Spirituality Within European Population. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/28352/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ TOWARDS A POSTMODERN CONCEPT OF SPIRITUALITY WITHIN EUROPEAN POPULATION Krzysztof Kielkiewicz, MA Supervisor Dr Daniel Boduszek A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield 2016 "If you are what you should be, you will set the world on fire!" St. Catherine of Siena “The supply of words in the world market is plentiful, But the demand is falling. Let deeds follow words now” Lech Walesa i Acknowledgments There are a number of people to whom I express my gratitude as they helped me to complete this work Dr Daniel Boduszek For supervision of this thesis Professor Philip Sheldrake For the great favour of discussing current matters of spirituality with me during the personal interview for this thesis Lech Walesa Former President of the Republic of Poland For giving me the privilege of a special interview for the purposes of this thesis To my wife Anna For patience, understanding and help during the years of the study i Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. I TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... IX LIST OF PHOTOS ........................................................................................................X COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ......................................................................................... XI PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS ARISING FROM THE THESIS .......................... XII ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY .................................................................... 10 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 11 2.2. The Qualitative Part of the Thesis ............................................................... 12 2.2.1. What is a Definition? An Ontological and Epistemological Account . 12 2.2.2. Lonergan’s Structure of Cognition. Authentic Subjectivity and Objective Knowledge in Spirituality .............................................................. 15 2.2.3. Application of Aristotle’s and Lonergan’s Theory into a Structure of the Study. Narrative Approach. ...................................................................... 16 2.3. Quantitative part of the Study ..................................................................... 18 2.3.1. Data Retrieved From the Qualitative Part of the Study ....................... 19 2.3.2. Previous Application of Quantitative Methods in Study of Spirituality ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.3. Development of Postmodern Model of Spirituality (PMS) ................. 21 2.3.4. Survey Development ............................................................................ 24 2.3.5. Procedure: Ethical Approval and Data Collection ............................... 25 CHAPTER 3 POSTMODERNITY AND POSTMODERNISM ................................................. 27 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 28 3.2. Postmodern Terminology: Postmodernity, Postmodernism and their Operational Definitions ...................................................................................... 29 3.3. Science ........................................................................................................ 34 3.4. Religion ....................................................................................................... 37 3.5. Culture ......................................................................................................... 40 3.6. Popular Culture ........................................................................................... 43 3.7. Summary ..................................................................................................... 46 ii CHAPTER 4 HISTORICAL SILHOUETTES OF SPIRITUALITY ........................................ 48 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 49 4.2. Definition of Spirituality in Terms of Semantic Structure .......................... 50 nephesh)........................................................................................ 52) שפנ .4.2.1 ruah) .............................................................................................. 53) חור .4.2.2 4.2.3. Ψυχή (psyche) ...................................................................................... 56 4.2.4. Πνεύμα (pneuma) ................................................................................. 58 4.2.5. ‘Spiritualitas’ and ‘Spirituality’ ........................................................... 60 4.2.6. Summary .............................................................................................. 61 4.3.1. Spirituality in the Early Christians (1st - 3rd Century) .............................. 63 4.3.2. Summary .............................................................................................. 68 4.4.1. Spirituality Initiated by Desert Fathers (3rd - 5th Century) ....................... 69 4.4.2. Summary .............................................................................................. 71 4.5. Social Establishment of Spirituality in the Middle-Ages (5th - 16th Century) ............................................................................................................................ 73 4.5.1. Historical Background ......................................................................... 73 4.5.2. Pagan Religions .................................................................................... 73 4.5.3. Monastic Spirituality ............................................................................ 76 4.5.4. Lay Spirituality .................................................................................... 78 4.5.5. Warrior Spirituality .............................................................................. 80 4.5.6. Summary .............................................................................................. 81 4.6. Spirituality in the Modern World (16th– 19th Century) ............................... 83 4.6.1. The Concept of Spirituality .................................................................. 83 4.6.2. Reformation.......................................................................................... 84 4.6.3. Reform and Counter Reformation ........................................................ 87 4.6.4. Late Modernity ..................................................................................... 92 4.6.5. Summary .............................................................................................. 95 CHAPTER 5 POSTMODERN MANIFESTATION OF SPIRITUALITY ............................... 97 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 98 5.2.1. Classical Approach to Spirituality ....................................................... 99 5.2.2. Summary ............................................................................................ 104 5.3. Secular Perceptions of Spirituality ............................................................ 105 5.3.1. Cultural Environment ......................................................................... 105 5.3.2. Spirituality of a Workplace ................................................................ 108 5.3.3. Spirituality of Health Care and Medicine .........................................