UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE LANGUAGE PRESERVATION, POLICY, AND PLANNING IN A LANGUAGE “HOT SPOT”: AN INTERPRETIVE POLICY ANALYSIS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JEFFRY TAYLOR TRIBBLE Norman, Oklahoma 2014 LANGUAGE PRESERVATION, POLICY, AND PLANNING IN A LANGUAGE “HOT SPOT”: AN INTERPRETIVE POLICY ANALYSIS A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND POLICY STUDIES BY ______________________________ Dr. William C. Frick, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Mary S. Linn ______________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Maiden ______________________________ Dr. Penny Pasque ______________________________ Dr. Rockey Robbins © Copyright by JEFFRY TAYLOR TRIBBLE 2014 All Rights Reserved. Dedication To my daughters, Veyana and Lilian, who make me smile and strengthen my sense of purpose every day. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my advisor, Bill Frick, and my dissertation committee for their continued guidance and support throughout my entire course of study and dissertation process. Additionally, I am eternally grateful for my wife, Kyla, and family who have supported me and given me the space needed to complete this long, challenging, and rewarding process. Lastly, I am forever indebted to my parents, Laura and Russ Tribble, who permitted my sense of adventure and encouraged my appreciation for peoples of all linguistic and cultural backgrounds. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................... x Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................. 8 Definition of Terms .............................................................................................. 9 Significance and Implications for Practice ......................................................... 11 Organization of the Study ................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review ......................................................................................... 14 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 14 Cultural Anthropology ............................................................................ 14 The Sociology of Language .................................................................... 15 Educational Policy Analysis ................................................................... 17 Language and Education Policy in the United States: A Historical Context ..... 19 Language Preservation and Revitalization: Past, Present, and Future Prospects 25 Why Should We Care? ........................................................................... 26 How/Should We Preserve and Revitalize Languages? .......................... 30 Perpetuate and Do Nothing Responses to Language Loss ..................... 31 v Document and Sustain/Revitalize Research and Responses to Language Loss ......................................................................................................... 35 Language and Education Policy Planning: A Theoretical Framework .............. 50 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................. 59 Researcher Reflexivity: Identity as a Researcher ............................................... 59 Research Design ................................................................................................. 63 Primary Data: Interviews ........................................................................ 70 Secondary Data: Federal, State, Local, and Tribal Nation Policy Documents .............................................................................................. 71 Secondary Data: Public Organized Meetings, Conference Presentations, and Reports ............................................................................................. 72 Project Design .................................................................................................... 73 Participants ............................................................................................. 74 Participant Selection ............................................................................... 77 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 80 Implications for Practice ..................................................................................... 96 Chapter 4: Findings ........................................................................................................ 97 The Architecture of Language Policy ................................................................. 98 Policy Issues and Policy Actors ............................................................. 99 Parallel and Competing Policies ....................................................................... 108 Chapter 5: Findings ...................................................................................................... 123 Implementation Roles and Challenges ............................................................. 123 vi Implementation Roles ........................................................................... 123 Implementation Challenges .................................................................. 132 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 140 Chapter 6: Discussion ................................................................................................... 144 Value ................................................................................................................. 147 Culture .............................................................................................................. 149 Habit ................................................................................................................. 150 Knowledge ........................................................................................................ 151 Policy Dimension ............................................................................................. 153 Implications ...................................................................................................... 157 Chapter 7: Goals, Recommendations & Conclusions .................................................. 162 The Future of Native American Language in Oklahoma ................................. 166 Goals and Recommendations ........................................................................... 174 State Level Action ................................................................................ 174 District Level Action ............................................................................ 176 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 178 References .................................................................................................................... 181 Appendix A: Field Expert Interview Protocol .............................................................. 205 Appendix B: Oklahoma State Representative Interview Protocol ............................... 206 Appendix C: Oklahoma State Department of Education Staff Interview Protocol ...... 207 Appendix D: School Administrator Interview Protocol ............................................... 208 Appendix E: Concept Map and Initial Coding Categories ........................................... 209 vii Appendix F: Data Display for Theoretical Framework Categories & Corresponding Codes ............................................................................................................................ 210 viii List of Tables Table 1. Language Policy and Planning Framework ...................................................... 53 Table 2. Overview of Research Design .......................................................................... 65 Table 3. Participant Description ..................................................................................... 75 Table 4. Participant Demographics ................................................................................ 79 Table 5. List of Themes and Codes ................................................................................ 83 Table 6. Master List- Categories and Themes from National Level Data Sources 88 Table 7.