Medical Terminology Chapter 1: Basic Term Components Gus: Now, gimme a word, any word, and I'll show you how the root of that word is Greek. Okay? How about arachnophobia? Arachna, that comes from the Greek word for spider, and phobia is a phobia, is mean fear. So, fear of spider, there you go. Schoolgirl: Okay, Mr. Portokalos. How about the word kimono? Etymology • Etymology is the study of the origins and historical meanings of words • [Gr. etymos, true, real, actual + -logia "study of, a speaking of”] Etymology of English Medical Terms 1. Compound Terms – Osteoarthrotomy (ŏs″tē-ō-ăr-thrŏt′ō-mē) [Gr. osteon, bone + arthron, joint + tome, incision] Surgical excision of the articular end of a bone Etymology of English Medical Terms 1. Compound Terms 2. Loan Words – Angina (an-jī′nă, an′jĭ-) [L. angina, quinsy, fr. angere, to choke] 1. Angina pectoris 2. Acute sore throat Etymology of Medical Terms 1. Compound Terms 2. Loan Words 3. Eponyms [Gr. epi, upon + onyma, name] Hippocratic Facies Proteus Etymology of Medical Terms • mithradatism [Mithridates, king of Pontus, 132-63 b.c., supposed to have acquired immunity in this fashion] • pons pl. pontes [L., bridge] • eccentric [Gr. ek, out, + kentron, center] • Are there any practical benefits to the continued use of Greek and Latin in medical terminology? Practical Reasons for the Use of Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology 1. Easily combined – Myelomeningocele = myelo- + meningo- + -cele Practical Reasons for the Use of Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology 1. Easily combined 2. Medicine and the natural sciences often use the same Greek and Latin words and word elements – L. cortex, corticis, bark – adrenocorticotrophic – corticiferous Practical Reasons for the Use of Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology 1. Easily combined 2. Medicine and sciences often use the same Greek and Latin words and word elements 3. Partial restoration of an international language – arteriosklerose (German) – artériosclérose (French) – arteriosclerosi (Italian) – arteriosclerosis (English) • Why are most medical terms derived from Greek words? Ancient Greek Medicine’s Origins • Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocrates Ancient Greek Medicine Theories • Naturalism • Humoralism Ancient Greek Medicine’s Influence Ancient Greek Medical Terms • Ancient Terms for Disease – Melancholia, Gonorrhea, Carcinoma Ancient Greek Medical Terms • Ancient Terms for Disease • Descriptive in nature – Amnion • Why are there so many Latin words in medical terminology? Assimilation of Greek medicine into Roman culture – Conquest of Greek lands Assimilation of Greek medicine into Roman culture – Conquest of Greek lands – Greek medical theories and words translated into Latin Assimilation of Greek medicine into Roman culture – Conquest of Greek lands – Greek medical theories and words translated into Latin – Latin became the lingua franca of European academics Assimilation of Greek medicine into Roman culture – Conquest of Greek lands – Greek medical theories and words translated into Latin – Latin was the lingua franca of European academics – Today Latin is the language of anatomical and biological nomenclature systems Latinization of Greek Terms – Change Letters • Βρόγχος = Bronchos Latinization of Greek Terms – Change Letters • Βρόγχος = bronchos – Endings • -os to -us, bronchos = bronchus • -e to -a, theke = theca Substitution encephalos = cerebrum karkinos = cancer Synonyms in Medical Terminology Greek Latin • nephr/o (nephros) • ren/o (ren) • odont/o (odous) • dent/o (dens) • omphal/o (omphalos) • umbilic/o (umbilicus) • mast/o (mastos) • mamm/o (mamma) Basic Term Components • Most medical terms have three components: Root Root Greek or Latin Example Angi- Angion Angitis Aden - Aden Adenitis Cortic- Cortex, Corticis Corticitis Root • Medical terms often contain more than one root: hydromyelia HYDR- (root), water + MYEL- (root), spinal cord + -IA (suffix) condition of Suffix Suffix Part of Speech Meaning Example -IC Adjective pertaining to phobic (pertaining to fear) -IA Noun state or condition hemiplegia of (condition of paralysis of half the body) -ATE Verb to put into action, ligate (to apply a perform ligature) -AD Adverb in the direction cephalad (toward of; toward the head) Compound Suffixes and Suffix Forms Greek or Suffix Compound Meaning Example Latin Root Suffix stenos -OSIS -STENOSIS condition of angiostenosis (narrowed) (condition) narrowed raphe (suture) -Y -RRHAPHY act of suturing angiorrhaphy (act of) poiein (to -ESIS -POIESIS making of, angiopoiesis make) (state of) formation of gramma, that -GRAM Record arthrogram which is drawn Prefix Prefix Meaning Example EU- Normal eupnea (normal breathing) DYS- Difficult dyspnea (difficulty breathing) INTRA- Within intracystic (pertaining to within a bladder) EXTRA- Outside extracystic (pertaining to outside a bladder) Prefix • Not every medical term begins with a prefix: anterolateral ANTER- (root) front + LATER- (root) side + -AL (suffix) pertaining to Prefix • In some instances, more than one prefix may be attached to a single term: subendocardial • SUB- (prefix) under + ENDO- (prefix) within + CARDI (root) heart + AL (suffix) pertaining to Forming Compound Terms • Elision – meso- (prefix) + enter- (root) + on (suffix) = mesenteron – peri- (prefix) + cardi- (root) + itis (suffix) = pericarditis Forming Compound Terms • Elision • Assimilation – con + rugator = corrugator – in + perfect = imperfect Combining Vowel • A combining vowel is used to join a root to another root or to a suffix. The vowels most commonly used are ‘o’ and ‘i’; vowels such as ‘a’, ‘y’, and ‘u’ are sometimes use, albeit far less often. Combining Vowel • A combining vowel does not add any meaning to the word; it is used simply for the sake of euphony. Combining Vowels • A root with a combining vowel is commonly referred to as a combining form. Root Combining Combining Example Vowel Form HYDR- O HYDR/O hydrophobia CEREBELL- I CEREBELL/I cerebellipetal CEREBELL- O CEREBELL/O cerebellospinal Basic Term Components • Hyperlipemia – Prefix hyper- – Root lip • Combining form lip/o – Suffix -emia Word Analysis • Microlithiasis • Rhinostenosis • Carcinophobia • Hypoesthesia • Pericardium For Next Lecture • Continue to study tables entitled Common Suffixes, Common Prefixes, and Common Combining Forms. • Definitions, Spelling, Plurals .