FM 3-14 ARMY SPACE OPERATIONS OCTOBER 2019 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes FM 3-14, dated 19 August 2014. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard) This page intentionally left blank. *FM 3-14 Field Manual Headquarters No. 3-14 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 30 October 2019 Army Space Operations Contents Page PREFACE.............................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 ARMY SPACE OPERATIONS OVERVIEW ...................................................... 1-1 Section I – Army Space Overview ................................................................... 1-2 Dependency on Space ....................................................................................... 1-2 Army Space Capabilities .................................................................................... 1-4 Contested Space Domain................................................................................. 1-11 Unified Land Operations Use of Space Capabilities ........................................ 1-11 Section II – Space Fundamentals ................................................................. 1-11 Space Segments .............................................................................................. 1-11 Orbital Characteristics ...................................................................................... 1-12 Army Space Core Competencies ..................................................................... 1-14 Chapter 2 SPACE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................ 2-1 Space Domain Is A Warfighting Domain ............................................................ 2-1 The Space Operational Environment ................................................................. 2-2 Electromagnetic Operational Environment ......................................................... 2-7 Hazards, Threats, and Vulnerabilities .............................................................. 2-14 Risk Management ............................................................................................. 2-15 Space Policy ..................................................................................................... 2-16 Chapter 3 ARMY SPACE CAPABILITIES.......................................................................... 3-1 Section I – Space Capabilities ......................................................................... 3-1 Space Situational Awareness ............................................................................. 3-2 Positioning, Navigation, and Timing ................................................................... 3-2 Space Control ..................................................................................................... 3-3 Satellite Communications ................................................................................... 3-6 Satellite Operations .......................................................................................... 3-12 Missile Warning ................................................................................................ 3-15 Environmental Monitoring ................................................................................. 3-17 Space-Based Surveillance and Reconnaissance ............................................ 3-18 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: This publication is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersede FM 3-14, dated 19 August 2014. FM 3-14 i Contents Section II – Space-Enabled Capabilities ....................................................... 3-19 Friendly Force Tracking .................................................................................... 3-19 Commercial Imagery ......................................................................................... 3-21 Tactical Exploitation of National Capability ....................................................... 3-21 Section III – Army Space Proponent and Contributors ............................... 3-22 Army Space Proponent Role ............................................................................ 3-22 Cyberspace Proponent Role ............................................................................. 3-23 Signal Proponent Role ...................................................................................... 3-23 Chapter 4 ARMY SPACE OPERATIONS ........................................................................... 4-1 Section I – Army Space Operations ................................................................ 4-1 Army Space Support Elements ........................................................................... 4-2 Army Space Support Teams ............................................................................... 4-3 Army Headquarters, Corps and Division............................................................. 4-3 Unified Land Operations Use of Space Capabilities ........................................... 4-9 Army-Wide Space Training Considerations ...................................................... 4-14 Section II – Joint Space Operations .............................................................. 4-15 United States Space Command ........................................................................ 4-15 Space Coordinating Authority ........................................................................... 4-16 Chapter 5 PLANNING, PREPARING, EXECUTING, AND ASSESSING ........................... 5-1 Army Design Methodology .................................................................................. 5-1 Planning for Space Operations ........................................................................... 5-1 Preparing for Space Operations ....................................................................... 5-11 Executing Space Operations ............................................................................ 5-12 Assessing Space Operations ............................................................................ 5-12 Chapter 6 SPACE PRODUCTS........................................................................................... 6-1 Purpose of The Space Input ............................................................................... 6-1 Space Input to the Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Process ............... 6-2 Space Running Estimate .................................................................................... 6-7 Satellite Operational Status ................................................................................ 6-8 Appendix A ANNEX C, APPENDIX 18 TEMPLATE ............................................................. A-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 1-1. Army space operations concept overview ........................................................... 1-3 Figure 1-2: Illustration of basic satellite orbits ...................................................................... 1-12 Figure 2-1. Space operations persistence across the joint phasing model ......................... 2-13 Figure 2-2. Space threat categories ..................................................................................... 2-15 Figure 3-1. Key satellite communications features ................................................................ 3-6 Figure 3-2. Regional satellite communications support center support assignments ......... 3-10 Figure 3-3. Regional satellite communications support center organizations ..................... 3-12 Figure 3-4. Wideband satellite communications operations centers mission overview ....... 3-14 ii FM 3-14 30 October 2019 Contents Figure 3-5. Friendly force tracking data flow overview ......................................................... 3-20 Figure 6-1. Situation template with space area of interest ..................................................... 6-3 Figure A-1. Sample Annex C, Appendix 18–Space Operations format .................................A-2 Tables Introductory table 1. New, modified, and rescinded Army terms ............................................... vi Table 1-1. Characteristics of satellite orbits ......................................................................... 1-13 Table 2-1. Bandwidth comparison .......................................................................................... 2-8 Table 3-1. Satellite communications attributes ....................................................................... 3-7 Table 5-1. Receipt of mission ................................................................................................. 5-3 Table 5-2. Mission analysis .................................................................................................... 5-5 Table 5-3. Course of action development .............................................................................