S I S HE T AL AL R www.mruni.eu DOCTO ourts C nalysis with Special nalysis A nternational nternational I , S TUMONIS US, 2012 AW (01 S)AW ILNI nterdisciplinary SOCIAL SCIENCE SOCIAL L V Vitalius Vitalius Judicial Decision-Making: I Reference to to Reference JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING: INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS Vitalius TUMONIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INTERNATIONAL COURTS 2012 978-9955-19-469-9 N SB I MYKOLAS ROMERIS UNIVERSITY Vitalius Tumonis JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING: INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INTERNATIONAL COURTS Doctoral Thesis Social Sciences, Law (01 S) Vilnius, 2012 Doctoral research was conducted 2008 through 2012 at Mykolas Romeris university, Faculty of Law, International and European Union Law Department. Academic Supervisor: Prof. dr. Saulius Katuoka (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law – 01 S) ISBN 978-9955-19-469-9 Mykolo Romerio universitetas, 2012 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................................................10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................11 Part I: General Theories of Judging AND Empirical Research .........................22 2. General Theories of Judicial Decision-making ..............................................................................22 3. Empirical Approach to Decision-making .......................................................................................40 Part II: International Courts AND International Law ........................................55 4. Judicial Creativity and Constraints: Dueling Cannons of International Law ............................55 5. Policy Reasoning in International Courts.......................................................................................85 6. Judicial Decision-making and Its Implications for International Dispute Settlement System ............................................................................................................................108 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................................130 Postscript: Unconstrained and Constrained Visions of Judicial Decision-making .........................134 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................136 Summary of Doctoral Dissertation ........................................................................................................155 Daktaro disertacijos santrauka ...............................................................................................................171 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................................................10 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................11 1.1 Preface ...............................................................................................................................................11 1.2 Theses and Structure of the Dissertation ......................................................................................12 1.2.1 Purpose & Objectives .............................................................................................................12 1.2.2 Theses .......................................................................................................................................12 1.2.3 Structure ..................................................................................................................................13 1.3 Methodology.....................................................................................................................................14 1.3.1 Interdisciplinary Approach ...................................................................................................14 1.3.2 Qualitative Approach of this Work ......................................................................................15 1.3.3 Questionable Value of Quantitative Studies of International Courts ..............................16 1.4 Terms and Definitions .....................................................................................................................18 1.4.1 Reasoning & Decision-making .............................................................................................18 1.4.2 International Courts...............................................................................................................18 1.5 Review of the Literature and Novelty of the Dissertation...........................................................18 1.5.1 General Literature on Judicial Decision-making ...............................................................18 1.5.2 Literature on Decision-making of International Courts ...................................................19 1.5.3 Novelty of the Thesis ..............................................................................................................20 1.6 Publication and Approval of Research Findings ..........................................................................21 Part I: General Theories of Judging AND Empirical Research .........................22 2. General Theories of Judicial Decision-making ..................................................................................22 2.1 Introduction to Grand Theories of Judging .................................................................................22 2.2 Legal Formalism ...............................................................................................................................22 2.2.1 Notions of Formalism ............................................................................................................22 2.2.2 Legal Science ...........................................................................................................................23 2.2.3 Formalism and Mechanical Jurisprudence .........................................................................24 2.2.4 Prevalence of Formalism .......................................................................................................24 2.3 Legal Realism: Birth and Development ........................................................................................25 2.3.1 Introduction to Realism ........................................................................................................25 2.3.2 Nineteenth Century Realists .................................................................................................26 2.3.3 Holmes, Cardozo, and other Predecessors of the Movement ...........................................27 2.3.4 Birth of the Movement: Hutcheson and Frank ...................................................................29 2.3.5 Birth of the Movement: Pound & Llewellyn .......................................................................30 2.3.6 Originality of Legal Realism .................................................................................................31 2.3.7 Realists: Radicals or Reformers? ...........................................................................................32 2.3.8 Realism as the First Scientific Theory of Judging ...............................................................33 2.4 Legacy of Legal Realism ..................................................................................................................34 2.4.1 Decision-making vs. Justification .........................................................................................34 2.4.2 Demise of the Movement and its Influence ........................................................................35 2.4.3 Contemporary Models of Judicial Decision-making .........................................................36 2.5 Summary ...........................................................................................................................................39 4 3. Empirical Approach to Decision-making ...........................................................................................40 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................40 3.2. Rule-based Thinking vs. Automatic Thinking ............................................................................40 3.2.1 Introduction to Dual-system Theories ................................................................................40 3.2.2 Effortful Thinking and Monitoring of Intuitive Errors .....................................................41 3.2.3 Decision Fatigue .....................................................................................................................43 3.2.4 Intuitive and Experiential Decision-making ......................................................................44 3.2.5 Summary: Intuitive v. Rational Judicial Decision-making ...............................................47 3.3 Expert Judgment and Judicial Decision-making .........................................................................48