TAXON: Radermachera sinica SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate (Hance) Hemsl. Taxon: Radermachera sinica (Hance) Hemsl. Family: Bignoniaceae Common Name(s): China doll Synonym(s): Stereospermum sinicum Hance emerald tree serpent tree Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 27 Jul 2016 WRA Score: 4.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Tropical Tree, Naturalized, Unarmed, Ornamental, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 28 Jul 2016 (Radermachera sinica Page 1 of 14 (Hance) Hemsl.) TAXON: Radermachera sinica SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate (Hance) Hemsl. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 28 Jul 2016 (Radermachera sinica Page 2 of 14 (Hance) Hemsl.) TAXON: Radermachera sinica SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate (Hance) Hemsl. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z. Y., & P. H. Raven, (eds). 1998. Flora of China. Vol. 18 [No evidence of domestication] "Slopes and forests; 300-800 m. (Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae). Missouri Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis (Assam, Darjeeling), N Myanmar, Vietnam]" 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: Asia-Temperate USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, China: China - Guangdong, - Guizhou, - Yunnan, - Guangxi 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Eastern Asia: Japan - Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Asia-Tropical [Accessed 26 Jul 2016] Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India - Assam, - West Bengal Indo-China: Myanmar; Vietnam" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 26 Jul 2016] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes "Hardiness: Dave's Garden. 2016. China Doll, Serpent Tree, Emerald USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) Tree - Radermachera sinica. USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54477/. [Accessed USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) 27 Jul 2016] USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)" Creation Date: 28 Jul 2016 (Radermachera sinica Page 3 of 14 (Hance) Hemsl.) TAXON: Radermachera sinica SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate (Hance) Hemsl. Qsn # Question Answer Wu, Z. Y., & P. H. Raven, (eds). 1998. Flora of China. Vol. 18 (Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae). Missouri "Slopes and forests; 300-800 m." Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis Missouri Botanical Garden. 2016. Radermachera sinica. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/Pla "Zone: 10 to 12" ntFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277931&isprofile=0&. [Accessed 27 Jul 2016] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Madhukar, V. K., Srivastava, S. K., & Dubey, N. K. (2012). "Distribution: INDIA: (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland). Grows in Enumeration of family Bignoniaceae in India. Indian deciduous forests." Journal of Forestry, 35(4), 521-534 "Native to subtropical Asia. it is cultivated widely as a houseplant and outdoors in the Old and New world tropics as an ornamental. It Wunderlin, R. P., Hansen, B. F., Franck, A. R., Bradley, K. A., is naturalized in Hawaii. This is the first report of it naturalized in the & Kunzer, J. M. (2010). Plants new to Florida. Journal of continental United States." ... "Voucher specimen. Miami-Dade Co.: the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 4(1): 349-355 Fire suppressed pine rockland at SW corner of SW 296 St. & 197 Ave., frequent in understory, 25.490747°N, 80.510248°W, 24 Jun 2009, Bradley 2677 (FTG, USF)." "Native: Asia-Temperate USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, China: China - Guangdong, - Guizhou, - Yunnan, - Guangxi 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Eastern Asia: Japan - Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Asia-Tropical [Accessed 26 Jul 2016] Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India - Assam, - West Bengal Indo-China: Myanmar; Vietnam" "Several individuals were found naturalizing on O͚ahu in Waimea Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2008. New plant records from O͚ahu Botanical Garden along an access road about 150 m from the for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100: 3-12 accessioned tree." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Native to subtropical Asia. it is cultivated widely as a houseplant Wunderlin, R. P., Hansen, B. F., Franck, A. R., Bradley, K. A., and outdoors in the Old and New world tropics as an ornamental. It & Kunzer, J. M. (2010). Plants new to Florida. Journal of is naturalized in Hawaii. This is the first report of it naturalized in the the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 4(1): 349-355 continental United States." "Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seemann (Confirmed) Synonyms: Imada, C.T., Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. Annotated Syn. Radermachera fenicis Merrill Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai͚i. Common Names: http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedp Radermachera lants/. [Accessed 27 Jul 2016] First Collected: 1993 Locations: Ho͚omaluhia Botanical Garden Creation Date: 28 Jul 2016 (Radermachera sinica Page 4 of 14 (Hance) Hemsl.) TAXON: Radermachera sinica SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate (Hance) Hemsl. Qsn # Question Answer Dave's Garden. 2016. China Doll, Serpent Tree, Emerald Tree - Radermachera sinica. WIdely planted as an ornamental http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54477/. [Accessed 27 Jul 2016] 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "China doll or serpent tree (Radermachera sinica (Hance) Hemsley), Nelson, G. 2010. The Trees of Florida. A Reference and an Asian species known in the United States mostly as a house plant, Field Guide. 2nd Edition. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota, FL is naturalized in Miami-Dade County. It has the potential to become a tree 30 m tall in subtropical climates." "This species is native to Asia and was previously uncollected as naturalized in the state." ... "Several individuals were found naturalizing on O͚ahu in Waimea Botanical Garden along an access road about 150 m from the accessioned tree. Material examined. Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2008. New plant records from O͚ahu O͚AHU: Waimea Botanical Garden, naturalizing along access road to for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100: 3-12 water treatment facility, ca 150 m from accessioned tree, disturbed site with several pig wallows, tree seedling, ca 0.5 m, no fruit or flowers seen, several small (<1 m tall) seedlings growing along road, 2 m, 25 Jan 2007, D.