Emergency Response to Terrorism: Tactical Considerations: Company Officer ERT:TC:CO-Student Manual 2nd Edition, 1st Printing-March 2000 DHS/USFA/NFA ERT:TC:CO-SM Emergency Response to Terrorism: Tactical March 2000 2nd Edition, 1st Printing Considerations: Company Officer Emergency Response to Terrorism: Tactical Considerations: Company Officer ERT:TC:CO-Student Manual 2nd Edition, 1st Printing-March 2000 EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER ii EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY PREPAREDNESS DIRECTORATE UNITED STATES FIRE ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL FIRE ACADEMY FOREWORD The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA), an important component of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Preparedness Directorate, serves the leadership of this Nation as the DHS's fire protection and emergency response expert. The USFA is located at the National Emergency Training Center (NETC) in Emmitsburg, Maryland, and includes the National Fire Academy (NFA), National Fire Data Center (NFDC), National Fire Programs (NFP), and the National Preparedness Network (PREPnet). The USFA also provides oversight and management of the Noble Training Center in Anniston, Alabama. The mission of the USFA is to save lives and reduce economic losses due to fire and related emergencies through training, research, data collection and analysis, public education, and coordination with other Federal agencies and fire protection and emergency service personnel. The USFA's National Fire Academy offers a diverse course delivery system, combining resident courses, off-campus deliveries in cooperation with State training organizations, weekend instruction, and online courses. The USFA maintains a blended learning approach to its course selections and course development. Resident courses are delivered at both the Emmitsburg campus and its Noble facility. Off-campus courses are delivered in cooperation with State and local fire training organizations to ensure this Nation's firefighters are prepared for the hazards they face. In recent years increasing responses to a wide variety of emergency situations have raised dramatically the fire service's awareness of the need for safety programs. These programs are crucial for all firefighters who respond to emergency situations. Today, this is potentially any firefighter, whether in a large department or in a small, rural fire company. This course addresses the special needs of first responders responding to incidents that have been caused by terrorist action. The response builds upon the firm foundation provided by the curriculum offered at the Academy and adds specialized information concerning such topics as: • Tactical Considerations for Company Officer Response; • Tactical Considerations for HazMat Response; • Tactical Considerations for EMS Response. iii EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER iv EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER TABLE OF CONTENTS Forward iii Table of Contents v Overview vii Course Goal vii Scope of the Course vii Target Audience vii Course Methodology viii Presentations viii How to Use This Manual ix Course Schedule xi Unit 1 Introduction to Terrorist Operations SM 1-1 Unit 2 Common Considerations for Response Actions SM 2-1 Unit 3 Recognition and Survival SM 3-1 Unit 4 Terrorism Response Strategies and Tactical Options SM 4-1 Unit 5 Transition of Command SM 5-1 v EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER APPENDICES Appendix A Bibliography A-1 Appendix B Glossary B-1 Appendix C Article from Security Awareness Bulletin C-1 Appendix D Supplemental Information on Self-Protection D-1 Appendix E Related Course List E-1 Appendix F Blue Water County Model F-1 Appendix G State of the Art Terrorism G-1 Appendix H Supplemental Lecture: Identification H-1 Appendix I Improvised Explosive Devices I-1 Appendix J Company Officer Course Slides J-1 vi EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER OVERVIEW COURSE GOAL The goal of the course is to supply the responding officer with the strategic and tactical tools to recognize a hostile act, minimize losses, identify self-protective measures to other arriving units, establish command, manage the incident, and direct operations until relieved by a senior ranking officer. The activities included in the course account for less than one half of the class time. SCOPE OF THE Students will be able to identify signs of terrorism, COURSE anticipate unusual response circumstances, assess information and take corrective actions, and determine strategies for survival in security considerations. Students will be expected to apply their knowledge about response to identify and preserve evidence, manage site safety, document the event, and debrief personnel. TARGET AUDIENCE This course is designed for the first on-the-scene supervisor (Company Officer). Either FEMA's Basic Concepts course (ERT:BC) or the self-study course (ERT:SS) is a prerequisite to this course. vii EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER COURSE METHODOLOGY PRESENTATIONS Presentations are interactive lectures that, in some cases, include skill-based activities. Word slides have been used only for main points and, where possible, are accompanied with illustrative photos and graphics. Students should read the Student Manual materials the night before the lecture. viii EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL Use this manual as a reference document for topics listed in the Table of Contents. It includes upfront material describing the length and purpose of the course as well as a text section with bibliography and activities. The appendices are a very useful part of this course. The bibliography, another way of getting greater depth from the course, is found in Appendix A. For your convenience, this includes all the references from the bibliography in the ERT:BC course as well as new entries we have identified. Appendix B is the glossary of terms from this manual and the Instructor Guide (IG). Appendices C and D are copied directly from source material provided in the Emergency Response to Terrorism: Basic Concepts course. Use these to get greater depth from the course. Appendix H is extra reading on the art of terrorism. Appendix I is an optional unit covering identification. Another way to achieve greater insight into issues surrounding first responders and terrorism is to consult other courses. Several additional courses in this series are in the works or already have been distributed. Others in this series include ERT: Basic Concepts, ERT: Self-Study, ERT: Incident Management. An Emergency Response to Terrorism: Job Aid also is intended to be part of this series. Appendix E lists other courses that you may wish to take that relate to this offering. Keep in mind, too, that one of the best ways to keep abreast of the latest developments is to use FEMA's web site http://www.fema.gov. The next series of appendices are details that support current units. Appendix G is composed of maps that are used in this course. Appendix F is your copy of the slides used in this class. We recommend using the text material as a review outside class and as a reference when you return home. The activity section is intended for use in class. You will be directed to use it at various parts of each unit and will be expected to follow instructions and use the data displayed as part of an activity. The glossary and bibliographies can be used as a long-term resource as well as a ready reference in class. Whether you are looking for a ready reference or a way to get greater depth, become acquainted with the Student Manual (SM) as your personal guide. ix EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER x EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER COURSE SCHEDULE UNIT TITLE Unit 1 Introduction to Terrorist Operations 1 hour, 55 minutes Unit 2 Common Considerations for Response Actions 3 hours, 15 minutes Unit 3 Recognition and Survival 3 hours, 15 minutes Unit 4 Terrorism Response Strategies and Tactical Options 3 hours, 10 minutes Unit 5 Transition of Command 45 minutes Total Classroom time 12 hours, 20 minutes xi Emergency Response to Terrorism: Tactical Considerations: Company Officer Student Manual Unit 1: Introduction to Terrorist Operations Terminal Objective • Upon completion of this unit, the students will be able to explain terrorist operational concepts and planning criteria. Enabling Objectives The students will: • List the phases of terrorist operational planning. • List terrorist target criteria and methods of operation. • Describe responder vulnerabilities that enhance the effectiveness of a terrorist act. EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: COMPANY OFFICER SM 1-2 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO TERRORIST OPERATIONS CONTROVERSIES OF TERRORISM Because of the complexity and the myriad factors involved, terrorism is and will remain a dynamic topic. As terrorist-related incidents within the United States and around the world occur, effective methods of response to those incidents will be developed, studied, reviewed, and incorporated by other response organizations. It will be important for all emergency response organizations to evaluate the lessons learned and formulate protocols for local emergency response to terrorism. The evaluation process