Migration in Italy and in the EU are undergoing radical changes. In its Twenty- third Italian Report on Migrations 2017, the ISMU Foundation estimates that as of 1st January 2017 the foreign population in Italy has reached 5.958.000 units and looks at the new migration trends in Italy and Europe. The Report highlights how, once again, in 2017 the so-called “migrant crisis“ has been at the core of the political agenda and debate in Italy. While the number of irregular migrants has drastically decreased in 2016 following the EU-Turkey deal that has de facto halted fluxes through Balkan route, the migrant crisis is far from being solved. The deep crises that hit several countries both in Africa and the Middle-East have leveraged migrant flows to Italy, which has once again become the main gate to Europe in the Mediterranean despite the steady decline in arrivals in 2017. Beyond the traditional areas of interest (demography, legislation, economy and labour, education), the Report provides an insight into highly topical themes such as the relation between EU and migration as well as unaccompanied minors. The Report ends with an analysis of migration in the US. Edited by Vincenzo Cesareo The Twenty-third Italian Report on Migrations 2017 The ISMU Foundation is an independent research centre founded in 1992 promoting research and training activities on migration, integration and the ever-growing ethnic and cultural diversity of contemporary societies. As an independent scientific body, it proposes itself as a service provider open to the collaboration with national and European institutions, local administrations, welfare and health-care agencies, non-profit organisations, schooling institutions, Italian and foreign research centres, libraries and documentation centres, international agencies, diplomatic and consular representations. Via Copernico 1 – 20125 Milano (Italia) tel. +39 02 6787791 – [email protected] www.ismu.org ISBN 9788864471655 Edited by Vincenzo Cesareo The Twenty-third Italian Report on Migrations 2017 Our annual Report contains the results of the studies carried out by the research staff and collaborators of ISMU Foundation – Initiatives and Studies on Multi-ethnicity (Fondazione ISMU – Iniziative e Studi sulla Multietnicità). The Twentythird Italian Report on Migrations 2017 is a shorter version of the Italian edition (Fondazione ISMU, Ventitreesimo Rapporto sulle migrazioni 2017, FrancoAngeli, Milano). This Report was written under the direct supervision of Secretary-General Vincenzo Cesareo, as Editor-in-Chief, with the assistance of Editorial Board members Gian Carlo Blangiardo, Giovanni Giulio Valtolina, Laura Zanfrini, Ennio Codini, Nicola Pasini and Mariagrazia Santagati, and with the editorial coordination of Elena Bosetti and Francesca Locatelli. ISMU Foundation (www.ismu.org) is an independent research centre founded in 1991. It is committed to conducting research, as well as providing consultancy, training and education, in the area of migration and integration. To develop a better understanding of these phenomena, it provides its expertise to research projects on all aspects of migrations in contemporary society. It works with national, European and international organizations and institutions, in both the private and the public sectors. It is inserted in academic networks, it cooperates with welfare and healthcare agencies, and it exchanges with libraries and documentation centers in Italy and beyond. ISMU organizes conferences and seminars on migration and produces a wide-range of publications. It has its own Documentation Centre (Ce.Doc.) which, over the years, has built a comprehensive collection of volumes, periodicals and audio-visual material to contribute to the sharing of information on migration. This publication has been produced with the contribution of © Copyright Fondazione ISMU, 2018 ISBN 9788864471655 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. For a Proper Knowledge of Migrations Vincenzo Cesareo page 5 2. Statistical Aspects Gian Carlo Blangiardo » 23 3. The Regulatory Aspects Ennio Codini » 33 4. Work Laura Zanfrini » 39 5. Education Mariagrazia Santagati » 55 6. Immigration and the Future of Europe Livia Ortensi, Nicola Pasini, Marta Regalia and Georges Van Wolleghem » 65 7. Best Practices in the Reception of Unaccompanied Minors in Italy Nicoletta Pavesi and Giovanni Giulio Valtolina » 79 8. Current Migration in the United States: the Dynamics of Reform, Public Opinion, and Unforeseen Political Forces Manuel Chavez, Rachel Beard and Carin Tunney » 89 9. The Integration Plans: migration governance in Europe and Italy Marta Lovison and Veronica Riniolo » 111 3 e Pag Chapter 1 FOR A PROPER KNOWLEDGE OF MIGRATIONS Vincenzo Cesareo 1. The mission of ISMU Foundation 2. Arrivals and reception 3. Africa: a continent of massive emigration and transit migration 4. Immigration, public opinion and the European Union: the challenge of national elections 1. THE MISSION OF ISMU FOUNDATION Ever since the very beginning of its activities, ISMU Foundation has continually worked in order to help build and spread a proper knowledge of migration with a view to promote a peaceful interethnic coexistence in Italy. With full regard to this goal, over the years it has been developing careful and detailed analyses, pointing out both the positive and the challenging aspects of migration processes. As the phenomenon of migration has intensified in quantitative and complexity terms, our task has become increasingly demanding. In Italy, too, we can observe how the contrast between those who believe that immigration (i.e. the inflows of people) is certainly a positive phenomenon –hence underestimating its challenges – and those who consider it entirely negative, has become even sharper. Also because of this growing polarization, ISMU – as an independent scientific research, documentation, and education and training institute – is firmly committed to doing its utmost to paint a realistic picture of this sensitive issue, rather than an ideological one. On account of this choice, the Foundation has been the object of some criticism, as it has been blamed for being either too open- or too narrow-minded about it. In truth, these two diametrically opposed approaches are far from being the ones adopted by ISMU, as its core mission has always been to simply “spell out the facts”, looking at both the pros and the cons of the whole issue – this being the only efficient and rightful method for correctly depicting any social phenomenon, especially if said phenomenon is as complex as that of migration. However, it is important to mention that our approach is by no means neutral, as it involves making choices that inevitably guide our actions and our work and that it is our duty to explain. Our first choice is to focus on people, better yet on every single person, regardless of their ethnicity, nationality, religious beliefs, attitudes, and political affiliation. More specifically, human beings are not seen as abstract and fungible 5 individuals (i.e. merely as figures), but as a result of their own historical context, their e Pag CHAPTER 1 – FOR A PROPER KNOWLEDGE OF MIGRATIONS uniqueness, their real lives, their cultures, their evolution and their development through time. This perspective implies a mutual respect between immigrants and the receiving society, as well as the acknowledgement of the Other’s inherent human dignity, no matter their ethnicity or their cultural background. The second choice, closely related to the first one, is to promote human rights, as set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, December 10, 1948) according to which, for the mere fact of being a member of the human family, each person is recognized equal and inalienable rights. As a result, migrants, too, are entitled to these rights and, at the same time, to the duties that these rights entail. The third choice is to share a common trust in the principles of democracy – which represent a fundamental achievement for humankind. They in fact allow each State to guarantee every human being their own dignity, with the hope that migrants, too, will take active part in the functioning of the State – therefore becoming, thanks to universalistic procedures, its lawful citizens. The fourth choice is about the type of integration that best fits with the other choices: we are precisely referring to interculturalism. Interculturalism plays a key role in enhancing the understanding of cultural diversity and the dialogue between different cultures, thus representing a great expression of universal human rights – on condition that said diversity does not intend to jeopardize those rights. By choosing this option, we cannot help but distance ourselves from both a radical multiculturalism and a strictly mono-cultural assimilationism (Cesareo, 2017a: 53-57). The fifth choice is about recognizing Europe’s crucial role, also with regard to the migration phenomenon, whose management should be a prerogative of the EU – even though the EU has not been able to handle it in the most efficient way, yet. Such a critical remark suggests that the old continent’s political and institutional structure should be more solid and cohesive, although the migration issue is a truly global one, as it is strongly related to the ongoing process of globalization. Now that ISMU’s mission has been illustrated, along with the five choices that inspire our approach, here are a number of activities carried out by our five different Departments, as well as by our three Strategic Lines of Research