KIM HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF NORTH KOREA OFNORTH DICTIONARY HISTORICAL HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF NORTH KOREA For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-4331-8 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ISBN-10: 0-8108-4331-5 Lanham, Maryland 20706 90000 1-800-462-6420 • 717-794-3803 9 780810 843318 ILPYONG J. KIM www.scarecrowpress.com Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries Edited by Jon Woronoff Asia 1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989. Out of print. See No. 27. 2. Bangladesh, 2nd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 1996 3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javid Burki. 1991. Out of print. See No. 33. 4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991 5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991. Out of print. See No. 29. 6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992. Out of print. See No. 35. 7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991 8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992 9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992 10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992 11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993 12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993. Out of print. See No. 36. 14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993 15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995 16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995 17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995 18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995 19. Mongolia, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 1996. Out of print. See No. 42. 20. India, by Surjit Mansingh. 1996 21. Gulf Arab States, by Malcolm C. Peck. 1996 22. Syria, by David Commins. 1996 23. Palestine, by Nafez Y. Nazzal and Laila A. Nazzal. 1997 24. Philippines, by Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win. 1997 Oceania 1. Australia, by James C. Docherty. 1992. Out of print. See No. 32. 2. Polynesia, by Robert D. Craig. 1993. Out of print. See No. 39. 3. Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf. 1994 4. Papau New Guinea, by Ann Turner. 1994. Out of print. See No. 37. 5. New Zealand, by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie. 1996 New Combined Series 25. Brunei Darussalam, by D. S. Ranjit Singh and Jatswan S. Sidhu. 1997 26. Sri Lanka, by S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe and Vidyamali Sama- rasinghe. 1998 27. Vietnam, 2nd ed., by William J. Duiker. 1998 28. People’s Republic of China: 1949–1997, by Lawrence R. Sullivan, with the assistance of Nancy Hearst. 1998 29. Afghanistan, 2nd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1997 30. Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil. 1998 31. Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. 1999 32. Australia, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty. 1999 33. Pakistan, 2nd ed., by Shahid Javed Burki. 1999 34. Taiwan (Republic of China), 2nd ed., by John F. Copper. 2000 35. Laos, 2nd ed., by Martin Smart-Fox. 2001 36. Malaysia, 2nd ed., by Amarjit Kaur. 2001 37. Papau New Guinea, 2nd ed., by Ann Turner. 2001 38. Tajikistan, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzedeh. 2002 39. Polynesia, 2nd ed., by Robert D. Craig. 2002 40. North Korea, by Ilpyong J. Kim. 2003 41. Armenia, by Rouben Paul Adalian. 2002 42. Mongolia, 2nd ed., by Alan J. K. Sanders. 2003 43. Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers. 2003 44. Iraq, by Edmund A. Ghareeb. 2003 Historical Dictionary of North Korea Ilpyong J. Kim Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries, No. 40 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and Oxford 2003 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A Member of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2003 by Ilpyong J. Kim All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kim, Ilpyong J., 1931— Historical dictionary of North Korea / Ilpyong J. Kim. p. cm.—(Asian/Oceanian historical dictionaries ; no. 40) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8108-4331-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Korea (North)—History—20th century—Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. DS933.7 .K55 2003 951.93'003—dc21 2002012349 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Preface ix Korean Writing System and Romanization xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii Map xv Chronology xvii Introduction xlv THE DICTIONARY 1 Appendix 1 Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (September 5, 1998) 147 Appendix 2 Armistice Agreement (July 27, 1953) 175 Appendix 3 North–South Joint Declaration (June 15, 2000) 179 Appendix 4 U.S.-DPRK Joint Declaration 181 Bibliography 185 About the Author 211 v Editor’s Foreword Of all the countries in the world, none comes close to being as poorly known as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), or more simply North Korea. Most of the time, it is ignored. When it is not, the response is usually annoyance, anger, or alarm, depending on the action it has taken. Yet, even then, it is clear that the outside world does not know just whom it is dealing with or exactly what is going on there. The descriptions are vague, consist more of rumor than hard fact, and sadly enough, reflect North Korean propaganda by referring only to one per- son as if there were no one else there. Yet, North Korea is a big coun- try—it has a relatively large population—and while its positive contri- bution to the international community is hardly worth mentioning, its negative potential cannot be overlooked. It is therefore useful to know a bit more about the DPRK than can be found in the press or on TV: First, it’s useful to know about a few people who either still exercise or once exercised important functions; then, about a few places, cities, provinces, rivers, and mountains to make North Korea seem more real; then, about its political system and economy; then, about its ideology (Juche), which covers every aspect of life; and finally, about the history of the past half century, which contains more twists and turns than one would expect and may just give us a clue to where the country will head next. The Historical Dictionary of North Korea pro- vides all of this information, although inevitably more sparsely than such information is presented for most other countries. Sparse or not, however, this information is all the more precious given the prevailing lack of knowledge. It was not easy to find an author for this volume, so it was very for- tunate that Ilpyong J. Kim took on the task. One of the foremost North Korea watchers, he is also familiar with neighboring South Korea and China and a specialist on communist regimes. He has written numerous vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD books, chapters, and articles, including the early Communist Politics in North Korea (1975) and the more recent Two Koreas in Transition: Im- plications for U.S. Policy (1998). He is currently professor emeritus of political science at the University of Connecticut and has taught in South Korea and Japan as well. This historical dictionary is the fruit of decades of effort to help us know more about the least-known country on Earth. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Preface This book provides the most up-to-date and most comprehensive his- tory of North Korea. It covers more than a half century of the political, economic, and social development of the Democratic People’s Repub- lic of Korea (DPRK), or North Korea, from its founding on September 9, 1948, to the most recent changes in its political, economic, and social structures when North Korea elected the Supreme People’s Assembly (SPA), which adopted the new socialist constitution on September 5, 1998, and elevated Kim Jong Il to succeed his father Kim Il Sung on the 50th anniversary of the founding of the DPRK on September 9, 1998. Many subsequent developments between 1998 and 2001 have been added to this volume, such as the Sunshine Policy, the reconciliation of North and South Korea, and the summit meeting between the North Ko- rean leader Kim Jong Il and President Kim Dae-Jung of South Korea in June 2000. The writing and editing of this book took several years due largely to the constantly changing events in North Korea in the early 1990s after the death of Kim Il Sung in July 1994, which was followed by a three-year mourning period. Then, the succession of Kim Jong Il as general secretary of the Korean Workers’ Party (KWP) in October 8, 1997, was uncertain and fraught with problems, but was eventually completed on September 5, 1998, when he was officially installed as the chairman of the National Defense Commission, which has become the most powerful position in North Korea under the new socialist consti- tution. Because of the changes in the political, economic, and social structure, many entries in this dictionary had to be updated or changed as the events unfolded. Some of the sections in this book were rewrit- ten because of changes in the government structure under the new so- cialist constitution of September 5, 1998.