PB84-158047 UMT A-MA-06-0100-83-3 DOT -TSC-UMT A-83-16 Design Recommendations for u.s. Department of Transportation Concrete Tunnel Linings Urban Mass Transportation Summary of Administration Volume II: Research and Proposed Recommendations S.L. Paul A.J. Hendron E.J. Cording G.E. Sgouros P.K. Saha University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Civil Engineering Urbana IL 61801 November 1983 Final Report This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. UMTA Technical Assistance Program REPROOUCED BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ... SPRINGFIElD, VA. 22161 , .' NOTICE This document is disseminated under the !Sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern­ ment assumes no 1 i abil ity for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse 'prod­ ucts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' , ,.' names appear herein solely because they are con­ .. '.- ' sidered essential to the object of this report. ~. ,. ;, ~ ,: . '; Technical ~eport Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. RecIpIent's Catalog ,Illc-. UMTA-MA-06-0l00-83-3 4. T oil. and Subti tl. 5. Report Dote November 1983 Design Recommendations for Concrete Tunnel Linings. 6. PerformIng OrganIzatIon Code Volume II: Summary of Research and Proposed DTS-77 Recommendations~ 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Author's) S. L. Paul, A. J. Hendron, E. J. Cording; DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-l6 G. E. Sgouros~ and P. K. Saha 9. Perlorming OrganIzatIon Name and Addre .. 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign* MA-06-0l00(UM476/R4642) Department of Civil Engineering 11. Cont'oct or Grant No. Urbana, Illinois 61801 DOT-TSC-1S04 13. Type 01 R.port and P.riod Cover.d 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Addre .. Final Report U.S. Department of Transportation April 1978-December 1982 Urban Mass Transportation Administration 400 Seventh Street, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D. C. 20590 URT-10 15. Supplementory Notes U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs Administration *Under contract to: Transportatinn Systems Center Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 16. Abstract The overall objective of this research effort was to formulate recommendations for the structural design of final concrete linings for tunnels and underground stations for mass transit use that are based on ultimate strength concepts of concrete behavior and that take full advantage of interaction between the linings and ground. The report describing this work is in two volumes. Volume I contains a detailed description of the test arrangements, results, and numerical studies. This report, Volume II, presents design recommendations for concrete tunnel linings for transportation tunnels. The recommendations developed as a result of in-depth analysis and model testing of the behavior of concrete tunnel linings. The research addressed problem areas in current rlesign practice, and the authors point out that the ~esu1ts have provided insight into the areas of uncertainty that have led designers to gross overconservatism in tunnel lining design. The recommended procedures take into account ultimate strength behavior of reinforce and unreinforced concrete linings and provide sufficient latitude for designers to exercise judgement gained through experience and allow the flexibility required by site-specific conditions. Details of the suggested approach are based on procedures that have been accepted for years in the design of above-ground structures, with appropriate modifications to capitalize on the benefits of ground/structure inter­ action. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Concrete Tunnel Linings; Ground/Struc- Available to the Public through the ture Interaction; Tunnel Design; National Technical Information Service, Tunnel Linings; Ultimate Strength Springfield, Virginia 22161. Design 19. Security Clossi!. (01 this report) 20. Security Classi!. (of this page) 21. No. 01 Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 176 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed poge outhori zed \ \ PREFACE The studies described in this report were performed by the staff of the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Illinois at Urbana­ Champaign, Urbana, Illinois during the period April 1978 to April 1983. The work was sponsored by the U.s. Department of Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration under contract with the Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts and performed under the technical direction of Mr. Gerald Saulnier and Ms. Beth Madnick. Their helpful suggestions, advice and patience are gratefully acknowledged. This organization and the technical monitors organized a review of the research and recommendations in June 1982 that was attended by many members of the tunnel design community. This meeting was extremely helpful in further assessment of the recommendations and evaluating reaction by designers. For these efforts, we are grateful to the organizers and to the many engineers who took the time to review the report and attend the meetings. During the project, a review of tunnel design practice was conducted by Dr. George Sgouros by interviewing members of several design firms and contrac­ tors. We wish to acknowledge the assistance of the tunnel design and con­ struction community and thank those who participated for their time and assistance. iii METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS Approximlt. Conversions to Metric Mllsures '" ..... - .. Approximlte Conversions from M.tric M.lSure. .. 5'...... W.... 'o. "n•• M.IIi•• , .. , T. fi... 5'..... 5'..... Whln 'ou b •• Mu'ti,., .. , T. fin" S,..... - ..pO ... - - LENGTH ~ LENGTH - - rrm millimeter. 0.04 inches in ~ em centimeters 0.4 inches in m meters in inches ·2.S centimeters em - 3.3 feet ft - m meters yards yd ft feel 30 centimeters em .. ..pO 1.1 yd yerds 0.9 meters m - km kilometers 0.6 miles mi mi mil •• 1.& kilometers km - !: - AREA AREA - !!l = cal- squ... centimeters 0.1& square inches in2 2 2 .. in square inches 6.5 aqua'. centime .... 2 em :!l m square meter. 1.2 square yards ft2 oquare feet 0.09 square meter. m2 2 ~ 2 - - km square kilCllMtters 0.4 square mi Ie. mi2 yd oquar. yard. 0.8 square ma .... 2 ~ ... ha hectar•• (10,000 m , 2.5 acres 2 2 - pO mi Iquar. mil •• 2.6 square kilc:meters km acr•• 0.4 hactar•• ha ... - ::: MASS (weipllt) - MASS (w.ipllt) ~ 9 grams 0.035 ounces oz oz ounces 28 "ams 9 - = = pO kg kilograms 2.2 pounds Ib ~. Ib pounds 0.4S kilograms kg pO <: short tons 0.9 tonne. - tonne. (1000 kg' 1.1 short tons (2000 Ibl ... - - ~ VOLUME .. VOLUME tsp teaspoons 5 milliliters ml ml milliliters 0.03 fluid ounces floz Tbsp tablespoons lS milliliter" ml - ... I lit.,. 2.1 pints pt II oz fluid ounce. 30 milliliters ml ... -- liters 1.06 quarts qt e cups 0.24 liters I .. I liters 0.26 gallons gal pi pints 0.47 litera I ml, cubic meters 3S cubic feet ftl - l 3 qt qwarts 0.9S liters I - - m cubic meters 1.3 cubic yards yd gal gallons 3.8 titers I '" ftl cubic feet 0.03 cubic meters ml l - - yd cubic yards 0.76 cubic meters ml .. TEMPERATURE (exlctl TEMPERATURE (exlctl - ... °c Celsius 9/5 (then Fahrenheit Of - - temperature add 32, temperature OF Fahrenheit 5/9 (after Celsius °c -- ... temperature subtracting temperature - - OF 32' .. OF 32 98.6 212 - -40 0 - I I I I I 8~ I ~ I '~O I I I I ~O I I 12~ ~ ·1 In : 2.54 (ell.actly). For other exact conve(SIons and more detailed tables. see NBS MISC. Pub!. 286. ;;' = I I I r~ , I 'I .' I I Umts of WeIghts and Measures, Price S2.25, SO Catalog No. C1J.l0:28S. -20 0 20 40 60 80 ' lOll ~ Iii -40 °c •co - - " °c 37 "( TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 OVERVIEW 1 l.2 GROUND BEHAVIOR 5 1.2.1 Loading on Concrete Linings 5 l.2.2 Ground Loads: General Considerations 7 1.2.3 Behavior of Linings in Soil 8 l.2.4 Behavior of Linings in Rock 14 1.3 PROCEDURES FOR ANALYZING LINING-MEDIUM INTERACTION 19 1.3.1 Introduction ..... 19 1.3.2 Closed Form Solutions 22 1.3.3 Beam-Spring Model 26 1.3.4 Nonlinear Analyses 3] CHAPTER 2 EVALUATION OF EXISTING DESIGN PRACTICE 35 2.1 PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY 35 2.2 LOADING 39 2.2.1 Tunnels in Rock 39 2.2.2 Tunnels in Soft Ground 41 2.3 ANALYSIS 42 v 2.3.1 Tunnels in Rock 42 2.3.2 Tunnels in Soft Ground 43 2.4 DESIGN CRITERIA. 44 2.5 AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY IN DESIGN 45 CHAPTER:3 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH AND DESIGN IMPLICATIONS 49 3.1 MODEL TESTS 49 3.1.1 Arch Linings in Hard Medium 49 3.1.2 Circles in Soft Medium 59 3.2 ANALYTIC STUDIES 70 3.2.1 Parameter Study of Arches 70 3.2.2 Parameter Studies of Circular Linings in Soft Ground .............. 85 3.2.3 Parameter Study for Circular Linings in Rock 113 CHAPTER 4 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 129 4.1 SCOPE . 129 4.2 GROUND LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR ANALYSIS l31 4.2.1 Soil l32 4.2.2 Rock l33 4.3 LOAD FACTORS l33 4.4 SECTION CAPACITY l35 4.5 MOMENT-THRUST PATH 137 4.6 ANALYSIS OF LINING AND COMPARISON WITH ULTIMATE CAPACITY 140 4.7 EVALUATION OF STRAINS AND CRACKING 145 4.8 APPLICATION OF ACI CODE 148 4.9 SUMMARY 152 BIBLIOGRAPHY \ . 15:3 vi '.;" -' .. LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1 LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF DISPLACEMENT NEAR THE TUNNEL FACE (FROM RANKEN. GHABOUSSI. HENDRON, 1978) 9 1.2 HOOP LOAD INTERACTION BETWEEN THE GROUND AND LINING AND LOAD-TIME CURVE FOR THE LINING (FROM PECK.