Cellular Systems and Standards: 3G W-CDMA, 4G LTE • Cellular Concept ( wired/wireline { communication system wireless ( mobile { communication system fixed ( Single transmitter covers all area. { mobile wireless communications A lot of transmitters cover the area. { The cellular concept has revolutionized mobile wireless communi- cations. { frequency reuse factor ≤ 1 • Elements of a mobile telecommunication system { Core Network (CN): GSM core network used for GSM and W- CDMA, IS-41 core network used for cdmaOne and cdma2000. A CN connects access network to PSTN and the Internet. { Radio Access Network (RAN): GSM Access Network (GRAN), UMTS radio access network (UTRAN), the Long Term Evolution (LTE) RAN (E-UTRAN) { User Equipment (UE): mobile stations 8 Base Station (BS) <> • Elements of a RAN Mobile Station (MS) :>Relay Station (RS) ( BS ! MS: forward link or downlink { MS ! BS: reverse link or uplink • Cellular Network Standards { The nth generation standard for a cellular network is defined by radio access technology (RAT) or radio transmission technology (RTT) neither by carrier or clock frequency nor by chip-set tech- nology. ∗ 1G: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) analog FM, FDM, FDMA, only for voice ∗ 2G: Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), Global System for Mobile com- munications (GSM: originally Groupe Sp´ecialMobile) TDM, TDMA, mainly for voice ∗ 2.5G: cdmaOne (CDMA: Code-Division Multiple-Access), origi- nally IS-95 (Interim Standard 95) CDM, CDMA, mainly for voice ∗ 3G: W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA), cdma2000, etc. CDM, CDMA, mainly for voice · cdmaOne and W-CDMA are both based on direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) scheme. · DS-CDMA is a popularized term that is equivalent to `DS/SS technique applied to multiple access communications.' · spread spectrum modulation ( direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FS/SS) ∗ 4G: LTE (Long Term Evolution) OFDM (Orthogonal FDM), OFDMA, mainly for data ∗ B4G: Beyond 4G ∗ 5G: under development · From 4G, OFDM and its variants are mainly considered as RTT. • Wi-Fi and Bluetooth { Wi-Fi ∗ IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ∗ IEEE802.11: a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communications ∗ IEEE802: the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (MAN: Metropolitan Area Network) ∗ Wi-Fi (commonly WiFi: Wireless Fidelity): any WLAN product based on the IEEE802.11 standards /ex/ 802.11, 802.11a, 11b, 11g, 11-2007, 11n, 11-2012, 11ac, 11ad, etc. { Bluetooth ∗ Bluetooth: a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distance and building personal area networks (PANs) ∗ managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) ∗ The Scandinavian tenth-century king Herald Bluetooth united Danish tribes into a single kingdom. It was initially hoped that Bluetooth would do the same with communications standards..