5.5” .4675” 5.5” Journal of Ministry & Theology OURNAL Jof Ministry& Theology Fall 2017 | Volume 21 | Number 2 8.5” CONTENTS Second-Temple Exegetical Methods: The Possibility of Contextual Midrash .... 3 Jared M. August (Re)Defining the Gospels: Mark as a Test Case, Part One ..............................42 Wayne Slusser Contributing to the Faith Once Delivered: Jude, Systematic Theology, and an Appeal to Pastors ........................................................................77 Fall 2017 | Volume 21 | Number 2 Volume Fall 2017 | Dan Wiley The Early Life and Influence of John Nelson Darby ..................................... 110 Bruce A. Baker A Review of Executing Grace: How the Death Penalty Killed Jesus and Why It’s Killing Us, by Shane Claiborne ...............................................127 Mark McGinniss Charlottesville: How Should the Church Respond........................................148 Ken Davis Book Reviews ............................................................................................160 Dissertations in Progress ............................................................................ 216 538 Venard Road | South Abington Twp. | Pennsylvania The Journal of Ministry & Theology Published semiannually by Baptist Bible Seminary, South Abington Township, Pennsylvania Jim Lytle Lee Kliewer President Seminary Dean Mark McGinniss Jared August Editor Book Review Editor Alair August Teresa Ingalls Editorial Assistant Editorial Assistant Editorial Content Team: Bill Higley, Wayne Slusser, Jared August, Ken Gardoski, Ken Davis, Ken Pyne, Mike Dellaperute, and Mark McGinniss. The Journal of Ministry & Theology (ISSN: 1092-9525) is published twice a year (June and October) by Clarks Summit University, 538 Venard Road, South Abington Township, Pennsylvania 18411. Address changes may be sent to The Journal of Ministry & Theology at the address above or emailed to [email protected]. Subscription Rates: Individual subscriptions for one year $20.00 ($25.00 outside of the United States). Institutional subscriptions for one year $30.00. Single issues available at $10.00 each. Subscription requests should be sent to The Journal of Ministry & Theology at the address above or [email protected]. You can subscribe at this link: https://www.clarkssummitu.edu/seminary/resources/. All subscriptions are in US currency, with credit card or a check payable to Baptist Bible Seminary – The Journal of Ministry & Theology. Submission guidelines for potential manuscripts may be requested from [email protected]. Manuscripts to be considered for publication may be submitted to [email protected]. The JMAT is indexed in the EBSCO Academic Search Premier database and appears in full text in the Theological Journal Library. The opinions represented herein are endorsed by the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Baptist Bible Seminary, Clarks Summit University, its administration, or its faculty. Copyright ©2017 by Baptist Bible Seminary. The Journal of Ministry & Theology hereby grants permission for articles to be made available in print or electronic form for a church ministry or classroom provided no more than 100 copies are distributed (in print or electronically) and no fee is charged and if the distributed or posted article or review includes “Copyright (year). Reprinted by permission. The Journal of Ministry & Theology.” Permission for any other use, including posting on the Internet, must be sought in advance from The Journal of Ministry & Theology and the individual author. From the Editor’s Desk Welcome to our newest edition of the JMAT. With this edition we introduce some upgrades to the journal. I would like to introduce Jared August as the Book Review Editor for the JMAT. Jared will be responsible for all aspects of our book review section. Publishers and book review contributors can reach Jared at [email protected]. With this edition we introduce our Editorial Content Team, who will be responsible for the content of the journal. Since our journal is one of ministry and theology, our editorial members reflect those passions and concerns. Along with myself, the Editorial Content Team consists of Bill Higley, Wayne Slusser, Jared August, Ken Gardoski, Mike Dellaperute, Ken Davis, and Ken Pyne. All articles will be peer reviewed by members of the Editorial Content Team. New submission guidelines for potential manuscripts may be requested at [email protected]. Each published article will now have an abstract and email contact for the writer. This will allow readers to be able to continue the conversation with the author directly. New to this edition is a listing of dissertations in progress at BBS. A listing of completed dissertations will appear in the June editions. Lastly, as the new Editor of the JMAT, I offer a new mission statement: The Journal of Ministry & Theology exists to encourage pastors, church leaders, scholars, missionaries, and others who love the church of Jesus Christ to think biblically regarding contemporary theological issues, ministry concerns, and methodologies facing the church, the academy, and individual believers. If you share our passion, I invite you to review our submission guidelines and submit a manuscript to the journal at [email protected]. At the JMAT we seek to serve our Savior, and you, our reader. I look forward to hearing from you. Mark McGinniss, Ph.D. Editor The Journal of Ministry & Theology 3 Second-Temple Exegetical Methods: The Possibility of Contextual Midrash Jared M. August Abstract: Numerous proposals exist as to how the New Testament authors used the Old Testament. Several scholars have advocated that the NT authors used a non-contextual approach to the OT based upon the existence of midrash and pesher in the Second Temple era. Their logic is that the NT authors would have employed hermeneutical methods similar to those of their contemporaries. However, when the literature of the Second Temple era is examined, it becomes evident that there was no one monolithic interpretive approach. Rather, two noticeably distinct strands of midrash emerge: (1) non-contextual midrash and (2) contextual midrash. This distinction raises the possibility that the NT authors may have utilized midrashic techniques, while remaining consistent with the original meaning of the OT. Ultimately, this distinction prohibits scholars from claiming that the NT authors “used midrash” to reject their contextual use of the OT. ***** here are numerous differing proposals concerning how the T New Testament authors used the Old Testament.2 While Jared August is a Ph.D. student at Baptist Bible Seminary in South Abington Township, Pennsylvania, and Book Review Editor of The Journal of Ministry & Theology. You can reach Jared at [email protected]. 2 For an introduction to the topic of the NT use of the OT, see Darrell Bock, “Part 1: Evangelicals and Their Use of the Old Testament in the New,” BibSac 142, no. 567 (July 1985): 209-23; “Part 2: Evangelicals and Their Use of the Old Testament in the New,” BibSac 142, no. 567 (October 1985): 306-19; and Kenneth Berding and Jonathan Lunde, eds. Three Views on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008); G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson, eds. Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2007); and Walter C. Kaiser Jr., The Uses of the Old Testament in the New 4 The Journal of Ministry & Theology several scholars point to the NT authors’ contextually sensitive handling of the OT, others are quick to assert that their methodology is dependent upon non-contextual, Second Temple Jewish exegetical methods (such as midrash and pesher). Still others, while acknowledging the use of various Second Temple tendencies, claim that the overall approach is characterized by acute awareness of the original context of the passages cited. Through surveying the current consensus of proposed methodologies, as well as a careful examination of what these methodologies entail, the exegetical methodology of the NT authors will become evident. Ultimately, scholars writing on the issue largely adhere to one of two categories: (1) Non-Contextual Exegesis: These individuals assert that the NT authors used the OT in a non- contextual fashion, neglecting the OT context in order to present their own NT message. While perhaps this is the majority perspective, this view is by no means unanimous. (2) Contextual Exegesis: Others claim that in their use of the OT, the NT authors demonstrate considerable clarity and precision—occasionally employing surprising methods, yet consistently showing a contextual understanding of the OT. Through the following examination of Second Temple midrash and pesher, it will be established that contextual exegesis was indeed a possible exegetical option for the NT authors. (Chicago: Moody, 1985). Additionally, see Scott A. Swanson, “Can We Reproduce the Exegesis of the New Testament? Why Are We Still Trying?” TJ 17, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 67-76; Martin Pickup, “New Testament Interpretation of the Old Testament: The Theological Rational of Midrashic Exegesis,” JETS 51, no. 2 (June 2008): 353-81; Richard N. Longenecker, “Can We Reproduce the Exegesis of the New Testament?” TynBul 21 (1970): 3-38; and Robert L. Thomas, “The New Testament Use of the Old Testament,” MSJ 13, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 79-98; Robert H. Gundry, The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew’s Gospel: With Special Reference to the Messianic Hope (Leiden: