Transnationalism and Integration of Turkish and Romanian Migrants in Western Europe Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. phil.) des Fachbereichs Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Osnabrück vorgelegt von Steffen Pötzschke Osnabrück, 2018 Contents List of tables .................................................................................................................................................. 3 List of figures ................................................................................................................................................ 4 List of appendices .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations and acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 5 English abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 6 German abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 9 2 Theoretical considerations .................................................................................................................. 17 2.1 Introductory remarks on methodological nationalism ................................................................. 17 2.2 Assimilation and integration of migrants .................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Differentiating between the political and the scientific understanding of terms ............... 20 2.2.2 The scientific understanding of assimilation and integration ............................................ 22 2.2.3 The relevance of context factors for the integration process ............................................. 34 2.3 Transnationalism in migration research ...................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 Defining the phenomenon ................................................................................................. 35 2.3.2 Migrant transnationalism in historical perspective ............................................................ 39 2.3.3 Systematising transnationalism ......................................................................................... 43 2.4 Transnationalism and integration – Mutually exclusive or coexisting? ...................................... 50 2.5 Summary and hypotheses ............................................................................................................ 61 3 Methods, research design, and data .................................................................................................... 72 3.1 Methodological considerations .................................................................................................... 72 3.2 Analytical strategy and employed techniques ............................................................................. 73 3.3 Survey design and fieldwork ....................................................................................................... 76 3.4 Measurement and operationalisation of key aspects ................................................................... 79 3.4.1 General sociodemographic and migration-related information ......................................... 79 3.4.2 Aspects of transnationalism............................................................................................... 82 3.4.3 Social integration ............................................................................................................... 93 3.4.4 Identificational integration ................................................................................................ 95 4 Sociodemographic description ............................................................................................................ 96 4.1 Turkish and Romanian migrant population in Denmark, Germany, and Italy ............................ 96 4.2 General migration patterns, age, gender, and migration motives ................................................ 97 4.3 Education, labour market participation, and economic situation .............................................. 105 4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 113 5 The transnationalism of Turkish and Romanian migrants ................................................................ 115 5.1 Multidimensionality of transnationalism ................................................................................... 115 5.2 Transnational human capital ...................................................................................................... 121 5.3 Transnational background and networks ................................................................................... 123 5.4 Transnational practices .............................................................................................................. 131 5.4.1 Transnational communication ......................................................................................... 131 5.4.2 Economic transnationalism ............................................................................................. 134 5.4.3 Transnational mobility .................................................................................................... 138 5.4.4 Political transnationalism ................................................................................................ 149 5.4.5 Transnational consumption ............................................................................................. 150 5.5 Determinants of transnational practices .................................................................................... 152 5.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 170 6 The relationship between transnationalism and integration.............................................................. 174 6.1 Social integration ....................................................................................................................... 174 6.2 Identificational integration ........................................................................................................ 187 6.2.1 Identificational integration in the country of residence ................................................... 190 6.2.2 Identificational integration in the town of residence ....................................................... 198 6.3 Comparison and summary ......................................................................................................... 204 7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 210 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................... 222 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 230 List of tables Table 1: Overview of hypotheses ................................................................................................... 71 Table 2: Operationalisation of transnationalism ............................................................................ 83 Table 3: Basic demographic information ..................................................................................... 103 Table 4: Migration motives ......................................................................................................... 104 Table 5: Highest educational title ................................................................................................. 106 Table 6: Indicators used in the multiple correspondence analysis of transnationalism ............... 118 Table 7: Features of transnational human capital ......................................................................... 121 Table 8: Contacts abroad .............................................................................................................. 124 Table 9: Determinants of transnational practices ......................................................................... 156 Table 10: Ordinal logistic regression of social integration .......................................................... 180 Table 11: Identification with country of residence, town of residence, and country of origin .... 187 Table 12: Linear regression of identification with the country of residence................................ 191 Table 13: Linear regression of identification with the town of residence .................................... 199 Table 14: Overview of effects on social and identificational integration .................................... 204 3 List of figures Figure 1: Cumulative relative growth of samples by year of settlement in the CoR – Turkish