Appendix A Harmonia+PL – procedure for negative impact risk assessment for invasive alien species and potentially invasive alien species in Poland QUESTIONNAIRE A0 | Context Questions from this module identify the assessor and the biological, geographical & social context of the assessment. a01. Name(s) of the assessor(s): first name and family name 1. Anna Maria Łabęcka – external expert 2. Aneta Spyra 3. Małgorzata Strzelec acomm01. Comments: degree affiliation assessment date (1) dr Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, 11-01-2018 Jagiellonian University in Cracow (2) dr Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and 31-01-2018 Environmental Protection, University of Silesia (3) prof. dr hab. Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and 01-02-2018 Environmental Protection, University of Silesia a02. Name(s) of the species under assessment: Polish name: – Latin name: Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) English name: Asiatic clam acomm02. Comments: Polish name: none Latin names and synonyms according to The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (B) and Kołodziejczyk and Łabęcka (2011 – P). The taxonomic status of C. fluminalis is unclear (Skuza et al. 2009 – P), since there is no clear answer to the question whether it is a separate species or morphological form of Corbicula fluminea only, and it might even be a complex of clonal androgenetic lines. According to guides for the identification of molluscs in Europe, it is different species than C. fluminea (Glöer and Meier-Brook 1998 Piechocki and Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska 2016 – P), but only Piechocki and Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska (2016 – P) took into account the data on the molecular and evolutionary biology of these species, and indicate that C. fluminalis can form hybrids with C. fluminea (Pfenniger et al. 2002 – P). The formation of such hybrids is based on androgenetic reproduction associated with the so-called sperm parasitism in oocyte, including the removal of genetic material of the oocyte nucleus (Hedtke et al. 2008, Pigneur et al. 2011 – P). Polish name (synonym I) Polish name (synonym II) – – Latin name (synonym I) Latin name (synonym II) Corbicula fluminea Corbicula japonica English name (synonym I) English name (synonym II) Asian clam – a03. Area under assessment: Poland acomm03. Comments: – a04. Status of the species in Poland. The species is: native to Poland alien, absent from Poland alien, present in Poland only in cultivation or captivity alien, present in Poland in the environment, not established X alien, present in Poland in the environment, established aconf01. Answer provided with a low medium high level of confidence X acomm04. Comments: Corbicula fluminalis is present in Poland. The presence of this species was first recorded in the lower course of the Oder River, in the cooling water discharge canal of the “Dolna Odra” power plant (West Pomeranian Voivodeship) (Łabęcka et al.) 2005 – P). This clam was also found in the Oder River at its section in Głogów (Piechocki and Szlauer- Łukaszewska 2013 – P). It is sparse, yet it reproduces – its reproductive cycle is known only in the heated cooling waters of the open canal at the “Dolna Odra” power plant (Łabęcka 2009 – P). There is no data on reproduction at the site of near Głogów. a05. The impact of the species on major domains. The species may have an impact on: X the environmental domain the cultivated plants domain the domesticated animals domain X the human domain X the other domains - 2 - acomm05. Comments: The effect of the species on basic environmental domains is unknown both in Poland and around the world. The C. fluminalis and C. fluminea clams hybridize with each other, which is why one can only assume that the influence of C. fluminalis could be similar to the influence of C. fluminea, but provided that numerous and large populations were created, which has not been observed in Poland so far. In Europe, C. fluminalis forms sympatric populations with C. fluminea, but is scarcer – its share is estimated at approx. 10% of individuals in Corbicula assemblages (Piechocki and Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska 2016 – P). The effect on different spheres (domains) based on negligible literature data was described in answers to questions a13-a18, a28-a29, a30-a33. A1 | Introduction Questions from this module assess the risk for the species to overcome geographical barriers and – if applicable – subsequent barriers of captivity or cultivation. This leads to introduction, defined as the entry of the organism to within the limits of the area and subsequently into the wild. a06. The probability for the species to expand into Poland’s natural environments, as a result of self-propelled expansion after its earlier introduction outside of the Polish territory is: low medium X high aconf02. Answer provided with a low medium high level of confidence X acomm06. Comments: There is no data on the self-propelled expansion of C. fluminalis, but this species is already present and establish in Poland. According to the Harmonia+PL methodology – the procedure for negative impact risk assessment for invasive alien species and potentially invasive alien species in Poland (hereinafter Harmonia+PL) the selection of an answer is indicated: high probability, with a high level of confidence. a07. The probability for the species to be introduced into Poland’s natural environments by unintentional human actions is: low medium X high aconf03. Answer provided with a low medium high level of confidence X acomm07. Comments: The species is already present in Poland and is regarded as established, but the way of introducing C. fluminalis to Polish inland waters is unknown. According to the Harmonia+PL methodology the selection of following answer is indicated: high probability, with a high level of confidence. a08. The probability for the species to be introduced into Poland’s natural environments by intentional human actions is: low medium X high - 3 - aconf04. Answer provided with a low medium high level of confidence X acomm08. Comments : The species is already present in Poland and is regarded as established. There is no literature data on the intentional introduction of this species to waters. According to the Harmonia+PL methodology the selection of the following answer is indicated: high probability, with a high level of confidence. A2 | Establishment Questions from this module assess the likelihood for the species to overcome survival and reproduction barriers. This leads to establishment, defined as the growth of a population to sufficient levels such that natural extinction within the area becomes highly unlikely. a09. Poland provides climate that is: non-optimal sub-optimal X optimal for establishment of the species aconf05. Answer provided with a low medium high level of confidence X acomm09. Comments : The species originated from Asia. The natural area of presence for C. fluminalis includes Iran, Lebanon, Israel, Afghanistan, south-eastern Anatolia, Kashmir, India, China, Middle East, Transcaucasia (Kołodziejczyk and Łabęcka 2011 – P). According to Morton (1982 – P) C. fluminalis is a thermophilic species, so because of that, it seems that the climatic conditions in Poland cannot be considered as optimal for the establishment of this species. So far only two sites of occurrence of C. fluminalis in Poland have been recorded (Łabęcka et al. 2005, Piechocki and Szlauer-Łukaszewska 2013 – P), but the reproduction of these clams is confirmed only for a habitat located in warm cooling waters. According to the Harmonia+PL methodology the selection of following answer is indicated: high probability, with a high level of confidence. a10. Poland provides habitat that is non-optimal sub-optimal X optimal for establishment of the species aconf06. Answer provided with a low medium high level of confidence X acomm10. Comments : Corbicula fluminalis inhabits rivers and lakes, but prefers lentic water and slow water flow; it is typical for brackish estuaries (Morton 1982, Park and Kim 2003, Korniushin 2004, Skuza et al. 2009 – P). It is also found in the same habitats as C. fluminea, but always in a low number (Paunović in. 2007 – P). Also in Poland, C. fluminalis forms sympatric populations with C. fluminea and has so far only been recorded in two places (Łabęcka et al. 2005, Piechocki and Szlauer-Łukaszewska 2013 – P). It is found on the sandy, sandy-muddy bottoms (Skuza et al. 2009 – P), it can also inhabit stony and cobblestone substrates (Ciutti and Cappelletti 2009 – P). It is characterized by a lower growth rate compared to C. fluminea and greater sensitivity to freezing and low temperatures (Mouthon and Parghentanian 2004 – P), therefore it shall be assumed that this species will not form permanent and large populations in Poland. A density of 40-80 individuals/m2 (Łabęcka 2005-2007 – A) is recorded in the cooling waters of the lower Oder River. Habitat conditions - 4 - in Poland can not be described as optimal for the establishment of C. fluminalis due to insufficient salinity of inland waters, but according to the Harmonia+PL methodology the selection of following answer is indicated: high probability, with a high level of confidence. A3 | Spread Questions from this module assess the risk of the species to overcoming dispersal barriers and (new) environmental barriers within Poland. This would lead to spread, in which vacant patches of suitable habitat become increasingly occupied from (an) already-established population(s) within Poland. Note that spread is considered to be different from range expansions that stem from new introductions (covered by the Introduction module). a11. The capacity of the species to disperse within Poland by natural means, with no human assistance, is: very low low medium high X very high aconf07. Answer provided with a low medium high level of confidence X acomm11. Comments : Dispersion from a single source (Data type: A) (over 50 km per year). No data for Poland. It should be assumed that due to the hybridization with C. fluminea, C.