Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 Social Networks, Terrorism and Counter- terrorism This book examines two key themes in terrorism studies, the radicalization process and counter-terrorism policies, through the lens of social networks. The book aims to show that networks should be at the forefront not only when analyzing terrorists but also when assessing the responses to their actions. The volume makes a unique contribution by addressing two relatively new themes for terrorism studies. First, it puts social relations and cooperation issues at the forefront—an approach often identified as crucial to future breakthroughs in the field. Second, many contributions tackle the role of the Internet in the process of radicalization and in recruitment more generally, a highly debated topic in the field today. In addition, the book provides a valuable mix of review essays, crit- ical essays, and original empirical studies. This balanced approach is also found in the topics covered by the authors, as well as their academic disciplines, which include sociology, computer science, geography, history, engineering and crimi- nology as well as political science. Many of the true advances in terrorism studies depend on the successful collaboration of multi- disciplinary teams, each with a different set of methodological and conceptual tools. This volume reflects the newfound diversity in this field and is a true product of its time. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism studies, social net- works, security studies, sociology, criminology and international relations in general. Martin Bouchard is Associate Professor at the School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is co- editor of Illegal Markets and the Economics Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 of Organised Crime (Routledge 2010) and World Wide Weed: Global Trends in Cannabis Cultivation and its Control (Ashgate 2011) and editor of Advances in Research on Illicit Networks (Routledge 2015). Contemporary Terrorism Studies Understanding Terrorist Innovation Technology, tactics and global trends Adam Dolnik The Strategy of Terrorism How it works, why it fails Peter Neumann and M.L.R. Smith Female Terrorism and Militancy Agency, utility, and organization Edited by Cindy D. Ness Women and Terrorism Female activity in domestic and international terror groups Margaret Gonzalez- Perez The Psychology of Strategic Terrorism Public and government responses to attack Ben Sheppard The De- radicalization of Jihadists Transforming armed Islamist movements Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 Omar Ashour Targeting Terrorist Financing International cooperation and new regimes Arabinda Acharya Managing Terrorism and Insurgency Regeneration, recruitment and attrition Cameron I. Crouch Religion and Political Violence Sacred protest in the modern world Jennifer L. Jefferis International Terrorism Post-9/11 Comparative dynamics and responses Edited by Asaf Siniver Talking to Terrorists Concessions and the renunciation of violence Carolin Goerzig Freedom and Terror Reason and unreason in politics Abraham Kaplan and Gabriel Weimann Evaluating Counterterrorism Performance A comparative study Beatrice de Graaf The EU and Counter- terrorism Politics, polity and policies after 9/11 Javier Argomaniz The Evolution of EU Counter- terrorism European security policy after 9/11 Raphael Bossong Conducting Terrorism Field Research A guide Edited by Adam Dolnik US–UK Counter- terrorism after 9/11 A qualitative approach Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 Edgar B. Tembo Transforming Violent Political Movements Rebels today, what tomorrow? Kevin Grisham Radicalization in Western Europe Integration, public discourse and loss of identity among Muslim communities Carolin Goerzig and Khaled Al-Hashimi Putting Terrorism in Context Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan and Erin Miller Al Qaeda’s Global Crisis The Islamic State, takfir, and the genocide of Muslims V.G. Julie Rajan Social Networks, Terrorism and Counter- terrorism Radical and connected Edited by Martin Bouchard Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 Social Networks, Terrorism and Counter- terrorism Radical and connected Edited by Martin Bouchard Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 First published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 selection and editorial matter, Martin Bouchard; individual chapters, the contributors The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Social networks, terrorism and counter-terrorism : radical and connected / edited by Martin Bouchard. pages cm. – (Contemporary terrorism studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Terrorism. 2. Internet and terrorism. 3. Terrorists–Social networks. 4. Terrorism–Prevention. I. Bouchard, Martin, 1981- editor. HV6431.S6433 2015 363.325–dc23 2014048211 ISBN: 978-1-138-82856-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-73829-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 Contents List of figures ix List of tables x Notes on contributors xi Foreword xvi DANIel HIeBeRT AND lORNe l. DAwSON 1 Radical and connected: an introduction 1 MARTIN BOUCHARD AND PHIlIPPA leveY PART I Terrorism and radicalization: history, networks and the Internet 9 2 The roots of terrorism in the Middle East 11 ANDRé GeROlYMATOS 3 The gray cygnet problem in terrorism research 34 lAURA HUeY, JOSePH vARANeSe AND RYAN BROll 4 Researching terrorism and counter-terrorism through a network lens 48 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 MARTIN BOUCHARD AND ReBeCCA NASH 5 Travel broadens the network: turning points in the network trajectory of an American jihadi 61 ReBeCCA NASH AND MARTIN BOUCHARD 6 A radical sociability: in defense of an online/offline multidimensional approach to radicalization 82 BeNJAMIN DUCOl viii Contents 7 Terrorist and extremist organizations’ use of the Internet for recruitment 105 G A R T H D A v I e S , M A R T I N B ouchard , e D I T H w U , KIlA JOFFReS AND RICHARD FRANK 8 Exploring the behavioral and attitudinal correlates of civilian cyberattacks 128 T H O M A S J . HO l T , M A X KI l G e R , l I C H U N CHIANG A N D CHU- SING YANG PART II Counter- terrorism: prospects, pitfalls, policies 153 9 Security networks and counter- terrorism: a reflection on the limits of adversarial isomorphism 155 BeNOîT DUPONT 10 The promise and perils of integrated models of public safety in Canada 175 veRONICA M. KITCHeN AND ADAM MOlNAR 11 A systematic approach to developing a computational framework for counter- terrorism and public safety 196 ANDRew J. PARK AND HeRBeRT H. TSANG 12 Radical and connected: concluding thoughts and future research 218 MARTIN BOUCHARD AND evAN THOMAS Index 231 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 Figures 5.1 Full personal network of Hammami from his pre-jihad days to Al- Shabaab 69 5.2 Hammami’s pre-jihad network in Daphne, USA, and Toronto, Canada 73 5.3 Hammami’s network in Alexandria, egypt, and Mogadishu, Somalia 74 5.4 Hammami’s Somalia network—three cities combined 75 5.5 Hammami’s network density by time period and location 76 5.6 The proportion of ties in Hammami’s network by time period and location 77 6.1 Situational action theory: simplified framework 92 6.2 Online and offlines life-spheres and the production of a sociability 95 6.3 The emergence of a radical sociability 96 7.1 Recruitment and extremism scales 121 11.1 Classification of crowds 200 11.2 The 3D visualization of a crowd in the GeNIUS system 201 11.3 Initial setup and plots of a typical run in Scenarios A and B 204 11.4 The layout of the simulation of the Boston Marathon bombings 206 11.5 Simulations of the Boston Marathon bombings 207 11.6 Simulations of the westgate Shopping Mall attack 208 11.7 Initial setup and plots of a typical run in Scenario C 210 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 11.8 The current setup of GeNIUS 214 Tables 5.1 Top 10 brokers in Hammami’s full network 71 7.1 The website extremism scale 116 7.2 The website recruitment scale 116 7.3 The recruitment checklist 118 7.4 Keywords 120 7.5 Typology of recruitment websites 123 7.6 Typology of recruitment websites—examples 124 7.7 General characteristics of sampled websites 125 8.1 Sample descriptives 134 8.2 Binary logistic regression models for defacing government servers 138 8.3 Binary logistic regression models for searching government servers 142 8.4 Binary logistic regression models for compromising military servers 144 9.1 Three organizational morphologies 159 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 19 May 2016 Contributors Martin Bouchard is an associate professor of Criminology at Simon Fraser University, Canada, and director of the International Cybercrime Research Centre (ICCRC).