U.S. History EOCT test Unit 2 Preparation SSUSH 4 4a Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence; including the writing of John Locke and the role of Thomas Jefferson. Declaration of Independence • Explanation to Americans and other countries as to why the colonist had no choice but to break away from Great Britain. • In this document Thomas Jefferson lists all the unfair practices that Britain placed on the colonist. Thomas Jefferson • Wrote the Declaration of Independence • Was influenced by John Lock. • Social Contract Theory Declaration of Independence • Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson • In 1776 • Declared American Independence from England • Main Ideas taken from John Locke’s “Social Contract” Theory “Natural Rights” • “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” John Locke • Social Contract theory influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing the Declaration of Independence. • Protection of Life, Liberty, and Property is government’s job. Theme Ideals & Beliefs – Social Contract. Declaration of Independence • John Locke believed that if a government failed to protect its citizens rights and instead oppressed them, the citizens had a right to overthrow the government and create a new one. Baron de Montesquieu Wrote : Spirit of the Laws • Separation of Powers • Checks and Balances 4b Explain the reason for and significance of the French Alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette Benjamin Franklin • Ambassador to France. • Helped the United States make foreign alliance with France. • Was effective in getting French assistance(help). French Conditions • United States must show that it has the ability to win the war. • France did not want to have to have total responsibility in winning the war against Great Britain. Marquis de Lafayette • Young French aristocrat who experienced the hardships at Valley Forge as he camped with George Washington. • Was instrumental in getting French reinforcements. • Created the strategy to win the Battle of Yorktown (the last battle in the war) Helped Benjamin Franklin get French support Marquis Planned the Battle of Yorktown & de Capture of General Lafayette Cornwallis Served as Military Aid to General George Washington & wintered at Valley Forge Battle of Saratoga • Called the turning point of the American Revolution • because the success of the colonists, even though outnumbered, convinced France to send aid like ships and guns to colonists. • 1st time united States given Diplomatic Recognition by a foreign country. Theme Conflicts & Compromise – American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin & Marquis de Lafayette Battle of Saratoga French sent ships, supplies, Soldiers 4c Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge. Continental Army • Commanded by George Washington • Fought the British during the Revolutionary war. Leadership of George Washington • Washington lost many Battles prior to the Battle of Trenton. • Had Farmers, frontier hunters, not a well trained military. • Many deserted under heavy fire from the enemy. • There was no money for weapons, gunpowder, clothing, and other supplies. Leadership of George Washington con… • George Washington is considered a great American because he overcame great odds and difficulties to help the U.S. win the Revolutionary War. Militia • Volunteer colonist who fought against the British • Their use of hit and run tactics were instrumental in winning the war. Valley Forge • Lowest point for the Continentals during the Revolutionary War. • Soldiers starved, experienced harsh winter, and went without adequate clothing or shelter. Baron Frederick von Steuben • Drilled Washington's soldiers to make them into a more professional army. Von Steuben Drilling Soldiers Battle of Trenton • New Jersey • Washington crossed the Delaware river and caught the British and German Hessians by surprise. • This victory was a much needed morale boost for the Continentals. Crossing the Delaware Significance Battle of Trenton • Victory after a long series of defeats. • Boosted Morale of the Soldiers! • Gave them great Pride that they could win the war! 4d Explain the role of geography at the Battle of Yorktown, the role of Lord Cornwallis, and the Treaty of Paris 1783. Marquis de Lafayette • Young French aristocrat who experienced the hardships at Valley Forge as he camped with George Washington. • Was instrumental in getting French reinforcements. • Created the strategy to win the Battle of Yorktown (the last battle in the war) Battle of Yorktown, 1781 • General Lord Cornwallis was surrounded and trapped by colonial and French troops. Lord Cornwallis • Commander of the British Army. • Trapped and forced to surrender at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Treaty of Paris 1783 • Ended the Revolutionary War • Great Britain forced to acknowledge U.S. independence. SSUSH 5 5a Explain how the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shay’s Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government. Articles of Confederation • The first form of government for the newly formed united states • Gave too little power to congress (could not tax or enforce laws) • The State’s kept their power and authority Shay’s Rebellion • An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787. • The states began to realize that a stronger central government was needed. • They decided to send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation but decided to write a new Constitution. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Provoked a need for Stronger Government Could Not Tax No No National President Courts 9 of 13 to All 13 to Pass Laws Amend Weakness in Articles of Example Change in Constitution Confederation In ability to deal with Federal Government is given the power No Standing Army the threat of "Shay's to raise and maintain a standing army Rebellion" States did not pay No Federal debts to Congress Congress is granted the power to tax, Taxation and so federal gov't impose duty and raise tariffs had no $$ States minted money, No Single National no set exchange Congress is granted sole power to coin Currency disrupted trade money among the states Failure of direct No Executive A strong executive (President) is leadership resulted in Leadership created indecision Each State had Smaller states with Bicameral Legislature with proportional Equal Vote in low populations had representation in the House of Reps. Congress disproportional power Required Complete inability to The 1787 Constitutional Convention Unanimous Vote to correct the failures completely replaced the Articles rather Amend under the articles than amending them Need for stronger Government! Constitutional Convention 5b Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-federalists and the Federalists concerning form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Baron de Montesquieu Wrote : Spirit of the Laws • Separation of Powers • Checks and Balances James Madison • Known as the “Father of the Constitution” • Delegate to the constitution convention from Virginia • Proposed the Virginia Plan • Also introduced a plan for sharing power between the national Government and the state governments. FEDERALISM Federalism Concurrent Powers Delegated Powers Reserved Powers 5c Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise, separation of powers (influence of Montesquieu), limited government, and the issue of slavery. Arguments at the Constitutional Convention The most heated argument at the Constitutional Convention was over the issue of state representation would be determined in the new Legislative branch? Essential Question How would each state be represented in the Legislative branch of the new government? Virginia Plan • Two House Legislature based on each state’s population • Bicameral Legislature New Jersey Plan •One House Legislature with equal representation. •Unicameral Legislature Connecticut Plan “Great Compromise” • Resolved the conflict between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan • Created a Bicameral Legislature (two houses). • House of Representatives – representation based on Population • Senate – based on equal representation. Two per state Slavery Issue Would slaves be counted into the population in determining state representation for the House of Representatives? Would slaves be counted into the Census that happens every ten years? Slavery Issue • Would the States control the slave trade? -Or- • Would the National government control the slave trade? Power of the Executive • Should the States elect the President? • Should the people elect the President? • Should Congress elect the President? Federalist & Anti- federalist Argue Over Ratification (approval) of U.S. Constitution Federalist • Believed the country would not survive without the strong central government. • Published the “Federalist Papers” • James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton Anti-Federalist • Believed the constitution gave too much power to the national government and that it failed to provide a Bill of Rights to guarantee protection to the People • Demanded a