Report No.36069-HTReport No. Haiti 36069-HT Haiti Social Resilience and State Fragility in Haiti A Country Social Analysis Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized April 27, 2006 Caribbean Country Management Unit ESSD Sector Management Unit Latin America and the Caribbean Region Social Resilience and StateFragility inHaiti Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASEC Assemblte de la Section Communale Assembly of the Section Communale AIDS Syndrome Immuno-deficitaire acquis Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ANAMAH Association des juges haitiens Association of Haitian Judges APENA Administration Nationale De Prison National Penitentiary Administration CASEC Le Conseil administratif de la section Administrative Council of the Section communale Communal CASER Conseil d’administration de la section rurale Board of Directors of the Rural Section CAMEP Centrale Autonome Mttropolitaine d’Eau Metropolitan Autonomous Drinking Water Potable Station CCHCF Cadre de Cooptration Interimaire Interim Cooperation Framework CID Le Conseil Interdtpartemental Interdepartmental Council CIMO Compagnie d’Intervention et du Maintien Company for Intervention and the d’ Ordre Maintenance of Order CT AutoritBs locales Local authorities DHS Enquetes dtmographiques et de santt Demographic and Health Surveys EBCM Enqu6te budget-consommation des me’nages Household Budget-Consumption Survey ECD Developpement de la petite enfance Early Childhood Development ECVH Enquete sur les Conditions de Vie en Haiti Inquire into the Living conditions in Haiti EDH Electricite d’Haiti Electricity of Haiti EMA Ecole de la Magistrature School of the Judiciary EU Union Europtenne European Union FAd’H Anciennes forces armies d’Hditi Former Armed Forces of Haiti FAES Fonds d’ Assistance Economique et Sociale Economic and Social Assistance Funds FAFO Institut pour les sciences sociales appliqutes Institute for Applied Social Sciences GDP Produit national brut Gross domestic product GIPNH Groupe d’htervention de la Police Nationale Intervention Group of the National Police of d’Haiti Haiti GNI Gross national income HIV/AIDS Virus Humain D’Immunodtficit (HIV) et Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and syndrome acquis d’immunode’ficit (SIDA). Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HLCS Enqu6te sur le mode de vie en Haiti Haiti Living Conditions Survey HNP Police Nationale Haytienne Haitian National Police HRW Surveillance de Droits de l’homme Human Rights Watch HTG Haitian gourde (currency unit) IACHR La Commission Inter-Amtricaine sur des droits Inter-American Commission on Human de l’homme Rights ICF Cadre De Cooptration D’Inttrim Interim Cooperation Framework ICG Groupe des crises internationals International Crisis Group ICLAC D’Instituto canadiense de laminas en Instituto canadiense Construcci6n de Lade Para. d’acero de laminas en acero para la construcci6n IDB Banque Interamtricain de De’veloppement Inter-American Development Bank IFS Institut pour des e’tudes fiscales Institute for Fiscal Studies IG Inspecteur Ge’ntral Inspector General IHSI Institut Haytien de Statistique et d’hformatique Haitian Institute of Statistics and Data Processing ILAC Consortium Aide Ltgale Internationale International Legal Consortium Assistance IMF Fonds Monttaire International International Monetary Fund IMR Taux de Mortalite infatilt Infant mortality rate LAC Latin America and the Caribbean LCR Latin American and Caribbean Region LICUS Pays 6 faible Revenu etdifficulte’s Low Income Countries Under Stress MAST Ministbre des affaires sociales et d’emploi Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment MICIVIH LaMission Civile Internationale de la L’OEA et The OASAJN International Civilian la mission internationale des Nations Unies Mission MINUSTAH Mission de stabilisation des Nations Unies en United Nations Stabilization Mission in Ha‘iti Haiti NCHR Coalition nationale pour les droites humains en National Coalition for Haitian Rights Haiti NGO Organisation nonne gouvernementale (ONG) Nongovernmental organization NSPs Non Secteur D’Etat Dans La Disposition De Non-state service providers Service OAS Organisation des ttats amtricains Organization of American States OPS Organisations Populaires Popular Organizations PAHO Organisation Pan-Amtricaine de la Sand Pan American Health Organization PCHI The Distribution of Per Capita Household Income PPP Paritt du pouvoir d’achat Purchasing Power Parity PREM Poverty Reduction and Economic Management PRSP Papier De Stxattgie De Rtduction de Pauvrett Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PO Headcount Poverty Ratio P1 Poverty Gap Index P2 Squared Poverty Gap Index RI Rtfugits Internationaux Refugees International RNDDH Le Rtseau National De la Dtfense de Droits de The National Human Rights Defense l’homme Network RSF Reporters sans Frontieres Reporters without Borders RDNP Rassemblement des Democrates Nationaux Progressistes UN Les Nations Unies United Nations UNDP Programme des Nations Unies pour le United Nations Development Programme dtveloppement UNICEF Le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance The United Nations Children’s Fund UNMIH Mission des Nations Unies en Hayti United Nations mission to Haiti UNPOL Force de police de 1’ONU UN Police force USD Dollars des Etats-Unis United States dollars USAID Agence des Etats-Unis pour le dtveloppement United States Agency for International international Development VAT Taxe B la valeur ajoutte (TVA) Value Added Tax VSNNNS Volontaires de la SCcuritt Nationale National Security Volunteers WBI Institut de la Banque Mondiale World Bank Institute WDI Indicateurs pour le Dtveloppement World Development Indicators WFP Programme mondial d’ l’alimentation World Food Program Social Resilience and State Fragility in Haiti Table of Contents FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVESUMMARY ........................................................................................................ i 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 HISTORICALBACKGROUND: ORIGINS OF THE RURAL-URBAN DIVIDE ....................................... 1 ANALYTICALFRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................ 3 2. THE HAITIAN PEOPLE: DEMOGRAPHICS, POVERTY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES AND RISKS....................................................................... 6 DEMOGRAPHICTRENDS ............................................................................................................. 6 Population, Population Growth and Density, Age Structure, and Urbanization ...................7 Household Size and Fertility ................................................................................................. 8 HAITIAN POVERTY AND WEQUALITY ......................................................................................... 9 Household Income and Income Generation .......................................................................... 9 Poverty ................................................................................................................................ 13 Poverty Correlates: Does Rural Poverty Differ from Urban Poverty? ............................... 17 Simulation of the Effect of Economic Growth on Poverty in Haiti .................................... 19 MIGRA~ON.............................................................................................................................. 19 ENDOWMENTAND DISTRBU~ON OF ASSETSAND RESOURCES .............................................. 23 Human Capital .................................................................................................................... 23 Access to Basic Infrastructure Services .............................................................................. 25 Employment ........................................................................................................................ 27 Unemployment .................................................................................................................... 30 SOCIAL COHESION AND VIOLENCE ........................................................................................... 31 CONCLUSION: DEMOGRAPHICAND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS FOR VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT RISK ........................................................................................................................ 36 3. GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONS ....................................................................... 37 HAITI’S FRAGILESTATE ........................................................................................................... 39 A Legacy of Public Sector Corruption ................................................................................ 40 An Unfinished Decentralization .......................................................................................... 41 INFRASTRUCTUREAND BASICSERVICES .................................................................................. 43 The Role of the Non-State Sector in the Provision of Basic Services ................................ 44 Basic Services: Access, Quality, and Equity ...................................................................... 46 The Problem of State Regulation