YEREVAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY AFTER MKHITAR HERATSI KASPAROVA I.S., SAHAKYAN K.T., HARTENYAN N.S. HHIISSTTOOLLOOGGYY Manual for english-speaking medical students Yerevan 2017 UDC 611.018(075.8) The “Histology” is confirmed by the YSMU Academic Methodical Council 20.05.2016 References: Z.A. Karalyan, Ph.D. Head of the Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Virology, Institute Of Molecular Biology (National Academy Of Sciences Of Armenia), A.L. Zargaryan, Ph.D. Associate professor of the Normal Anatomy department L.E. Aghabekyan, Ph.D. Associate professor of the Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Morphology departmnt Language Editor: Nazaretyan N.R. Design by: Avetisyan M.A. Kasparova I.S. et al.: Histology / Manual for english- speaking medical students/ Kasparova I.S., Sahakyan K.T., Hartenyan N.S. -. Yerevan, 2016.- 279p. The present revised manual is intended for the first and second year medical students of all the faculties. The manual includes all the all the topics, pictures and tests which are necessary to understand and study the subject of histology. ISBN 978-9939-65-146-0 © YSMU, 2016 2 CONTENT HISTOLOGICAL METHODS OF INVESTIGATION OF LIVING TISSUE ............. 5 MAKING ОF PERMANENT HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS ....................... 5 CYTOLOGY .............................................................................................. 7 ORGANELLES AND INCLUSIONS ......................................................................... 12 NUCLEUS ........................................................................................................... 18 ТНЕ CELL DIVISION ................................................................................................. 19 EMBRYOLOGY ОF VERTEBRATES ........................................................... 23 THE GERM CELLS ................................................................................................ 23 CLEAVAGE ......................................................................................................... 26 GASTRULATION ................................................................................................. 28 COMMON HISTOLOGY .......................................................................... 35 TISSUES ................................................................................................ 35 EPITHELIAL TISSUE ................................................................................ 35 GLANDS AND SECRETION ................................................................................... 40 BLOOD ................................................................................................... 45 CONNECTIVE TISSUE .................................................................................. 52 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ................................................................................... 53 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSИE ................................................................................... 57 CONNECTIVE TISSUES WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES ..................................................... 58 CARTILAGE ........................................................................................... 60 BONE .................................................................................................... 64 MUSCULAR TISSUE .................................................................................... 74 SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE ...................................................................................... 74 SKELETAL MUSCLE ................................................................................................ 76 THE CARDIAC MUSCLE ........................................................................................... 80 NERVOUS TISSUE ...................................................................................... 83 PARTICULAR HISTOLOGY ............................................................................ 93 ORGAN SYSTEMS ...................................................................................... 93 NERVOUS SYSTEM .................................................................................... 93 SPINAL CORD ....................................................................................................... 94 THE SPINAL OR SENSORY GANGLIA .......................................................................... 95 CEREBELLUM ....................................................................................................... 97 CEREBRAL CORTEX ................................................................................................ 99 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................................................................... 101 AUTONOMIC GANGLIA ........................................................................................ 102 ORGANS OF SENSES ................................................................................. 105 ORGAN OF VISION .............................................................................................. 105 THE SMELL ORGAN ............................................................................................. 113 ORGAN OF HEARING ‐ EAR ................................................................................... 114 3 ORGAN OF EQUILIBRIUM ..................................................................................... 119 ORGAN OF TASTE ................................................................................................ 120 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ................................................................. 123 CAPILLARIES ....................................................................................................... 123 VENULES ........................................................................................................... 125 ARTERIES ........................................................................................................... 126 VEINS ................................................................................................................ 127 THE HEART ......................................................................................................... 128 ORGANS OF HAEMOPOIESIS AND IMMUNE DEFENSE .......................... 133 ВОNЕ MARRОW ................................................................................................. 134 THYMUS ............................................................................................................ 137 LYMPH NODES.................................................................................................... 140 SPLEEN .............................................................................................................. 143 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ........................................................................... 148 HYPOPHYSIS ....................................................................................................... 149 PINEAL GLAND ................................................................................................... 153 THYROID GLAND ................................................................................................. 155 PARATHYROID GLAND ......................................................................................... 158 ADRENAL GLAND ................................................................................................ 159 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ............................................................................. 165 ORAL CAVITY ...................................................................................................... 166 ESOPHAGUS ....................................................................................................... 174 STOMACH .......................................................................................................... 175 SMALL INTESТINE ............................................................................................... 178 LARGE INTESTINE ................................................................................................ 182 LARGE DIGESTIVE GLANDS .................................................................. 186 SALIVARY GLANDS .............................................................................................. 186 LIVER ................................................................................................................ 188 PANCREAS ......................................................................................................... 193 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ........................................................................ 197 S K I N ................................................................................................. 206 ТНЕ URINARY SYSTEM ........................................................................ 214 KIDNEY ............................................................................................................. 214 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ............................................................ 226 TESTES .............................................................................................................. 226 PROSTATE GLAND ............................................................................................... 231 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ........................................................ 234 OVARY .............................................................................................................. 234 UTERUS ............................................................................................................