Durham E-Theses The Early English Factories of South-West India: A Historical Archaeology Perspective MASON, PAUL,MACKENZIE How to cite: MASON, PAUL,MACKENZIE (2014) The Early English Factories of South-West India: A Historical Archaeology Perspective , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11089/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Early English Factories of South-West India The Early English Factories of South-West India: A Historical Archaeology Perspective By Paul Mackenzie Mason Abstract This thesis presents a historical archaeology perspective on 17th-century Anglo-Indian trade, focussing on twelve factories established in south-west India by the East India Company and a rival body of merchants known as the Courteen Association. The thesis breaks down into three parts. The first chapter defines the parameters, research aims and limitations of the study, before presenting a review of the existing corpus of relevant published literature. The historic background for the period follows in Chapter 2 together with an appraisal of archaeological comparison sites. The second part of the thesis (Chapters 3-7) sets out the documentary, cartographic, pictorial and physical evidence for a putative typology of factories through which the motivations, catalysts and development of Anglo-Indian trade might be better understood. In doing so the physical characteristics of the factories themselves are discussed and the significance of their architectural form and settings assessed. In Chapter 8 the third part of the thesis presents a discussion centred on the principal themes to emerge from this evidence. These include aspects of regional and intra-Asian trade, geography, indigenous society and polity, European mercantile and military rivalry, East India Company administration and proto-colonialism. Chapter 9 concludes the study by considering the veracity of the factory typology, reviewing the research aims, assessing the potential for archaeological fieldwork at the factory sites and identifying possibilities for further research in this field. 1 The Early English Factories of South-West India THE EARLY ENGLISH FACTORIES OF SOUTH-WEST INDIA: A HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY PERSPECTIVE PAUL MACKENZIE MASON MA by Research Department of Archaeology Durham University 2014 2 The Early English Factories of South-West India Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 10 Research Aims and Parameters ................................................................................... 10 Research aims .......................................................................................................... 10 Definition of study area ............................................................................................. 11 Definition of ‘factory’ and the factory typology ........................................................... 11 Note on Indian spelling/language conventions .......................................................... 13 Literature review ........................................................................................................... 13 General historical accounts ....................................................................................... 14 Contemporary travellers accounts ............................................................................ 15 South-west India in the 16th century .......................................................................... 16 Indian Ocean Trade .................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ......................... 20 Historic Background ..................................................................................................... 20 Indigenous Society and Polity ................................................................................... 20 Trade and the Portuguese ........................................................................................ 23 The European trading companies ............................................................................. 26 Archaeological Background .......................................................................................... 30 Archaeological Evidence for Early English Factory Sites .......................................... 31 Archaeological Evidence for Early Indo-European Trade .......................................... 34 Evidence from European Sites in Western Indian Ocean .......................................... 36 Contemporary New World Sites ................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION TO FACTORY TYPOLOGY ........................................... 41 Factory definition .......................................................................................................... 41 Towards a factory typology .......................................................................................... 42 The Evidence ............................................................................................................... 45 3 The Early English Factories of South-West India Historic documents and contemporary accounts ....................................................... 45 Archaeological surveys ............................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER 4: THE PURPOSE-BUILT FACTORY ............................................................ 49 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 49 The Evidence ............................................................................................................... 49 Bhatkal (1637-39) ..................................................................................................... 49 Karwar (1638-1650, 1672-1752) ............................................................................... 54 Old Kayal (1659-1665) .............................................................................................. 71 Porakad (1662-65) .................................................................................................... 72 Calicut (1665-1670, 1675-) ....................................................................................... 74 Definition of Type ......................................................................................................... 78 Setting ...................................................................................................................... 79 Architecture .............................................................................................................. 80 The Factory Estate ................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5: THE ‘HOVEL’ ............................................................................................. 84 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 84 The Evidence ............................................................................................................... 84 Karwar (1662-66, 1668-1672) ................................................................................... 84 Tanore (1666 - c.1673) ............................................................................................. 86 Definition of type .......................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 6: THE FORT ................................................................................................. 92 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 92 The Evidence ............................................................................................................... 92 Baliapatam (1669-1675) ........................................................................................... 92 Tellicherry (1683-1794) ............................................................................................. 95 Retturah and Brinjaon (1688-c.1696) ...................................................................... 102 Anjengo (1695-1813) .............................................................................................. 104 Definition of Type ....................................................................................................... 110 4 The Early English Factories of South-West India Setting