JFQJOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Special Operations Forces to the Fore Remembering the Forgotten War Non-Lethal Weapons Spring01 Force Structure in Summer an Interwar Period Reassessing Joint Experimentation A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Once war is forced upon us, there is no other alternative than to apply every available means to bringing it to a swift end. War’s very object is victory—not prolonged indecision. In war, indeed, there can be no substitute for victory. —Douglas MacArthur JFQ AWord fromthe Chairman Along border of Macedonia and Serbia. Signal Company (Angelica M. Harris) th 55 s I look back on 38 years of service, the central experience for officers of my generation was A Vietnam. Americans lost faith in the integrity and professionalism of the military during that conflict. We must never allow the Armed Forces to be placed in that situation again. (continued on page 4) Spring/Summer 2001 / JFQ 1 0328 Prelims.Pgs 1/12/02 2:17 PM Page 2 I CONTENTS 1 A Word from the Chairman 47 The Marine Air-Ground Team by Henry H. Shelton at the Chosin Reservoir by John P. Condon 6 From the Field and Fleet: Letters to the Editor 54 Escape by Sea—The Hungnam JFQ Redeployment I by Donald Chisholm 7 Special Operations Forces after Kosovo 63 The National Guard at War by Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. by Michael D. Doubler 13 WAR.com—The Internet and 71 Coalition Combat: Supporting Psychological Operations South Korean Forces by Angela Maria Lungu by William M. Donnelly 18 Non-Lethal Weapons: A Progress Report by Steven Metz I FORUM 23 Remembering the Forgotten War by Henry H. Shelton 31 Operation Chromite: Counterattack at Inchon by John R. Ballard 78 The Air Campaign over 38 To the Yalu and Back Korea—Pressuring the Enemy by Stanlis D. Milkowski by Conrad C. Crane 86 Epilogue: Korea and the American Way of War PHOTO CREDITS by Allan R. Millett The cover shows USS New Jersey firing 40mm guns, 1953 (U.S. Navy). The front inside cover features HO–3S–1 I landing aboard USS Boxer after air-sea rescue mission in Korea, 1951 (DOD); F–86s being readied for combat 88 A New Twist in (DOD); M–4 tank firing at enemy bunkers, 1952 (U.S. Unconventional War: Army); and Marines launching rocket barrage against Chinese forces, 1951 (U.S. Marine Corps). The table of Undermining Airpower contents captures Internet users in Dubai (AP/Wide by Gary C. Webb World Photos/Kamran Jebreili); Hitting Home by Herbert C. Hahn (U.S. Navy Art Collection); and landing at Inchon, 1950 (U.S. Army). The back inside depicts sol- diers at Haktong-Ni, Korea (U.S. Signal Corps/Al Chang). The back cover shows Marines being extracted by CH–53E during exercise (U.S. Navy/Justin Tyler Watkins); UH–60s touching down at Aviano (319th Communi- cations Squadron/Paul Holcomb); explosive ordnance disposal team in Adriatic (U.S. Navy/Seth Rossman); and MC–130H demonstrating exfiltration at RAF Mildenhall (100th Communications Squadron/Deborah K. Alvarado). 2 JFQ / Spring/Summer 2001 SPRING/SUMMER 2001 / NUMBER 28 I COMMENTARY 108 A Teacher among Bureaucrats— The Legacy of Alvin H. Bernstein by Eliot A. Cohen I THE JOINT WORLD 111 Doctrine and Education I OFF THE SHELF 112 Flying High: A Review Essay by John D. Sherwood 115 From the Sea: A Book Review by Jeffrey G. Barlow 94 Strategy and Force Structure in an Interwar Period 116 Cold War Crusade: A Book by Frederick W. Kagan Review by Nigel de Lee I OUT OF JOINT 102 Reassessing Joint 117 Brothers in Arms: A Book Experimentation Review by Thomas M. Cooke by Jiyul Kim I OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN 119 Covert Action in Korea: 106 David Monroe Shoup A Book Review by Richard W. Stewart Joint Force Quarterly Stephen J. Flanagan Robert A. Silano LTC James Jay Carafano, USA Director Director of Publications Executive Editor Institute for National Strategic Studies Institute for National Strategic Studies Editor-in-Chief Editor Martin J. Peters, Jr. Calvin B. Kelley William A. Rawley Production Coordinator Copy Editor U.S. Government Printing Office Art Director JFQ is published for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted topics of common interest to the Armed Forces (see page 120 by the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National De- without permission of copyright proprietors. An acknowledg- for details). Please direct all editorial communications to: fense University, to promote understanding of the integrated ment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever mate- Editor, Joint Force Quarterly employment of land, sea, air, space, and special operations rial is quoted from or based on its contents. ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, This publication has been approved by the Secretary of De- 300 Fifth Avenue (Bldg. 62) contingency planning, combat operations conducted by the fense. All previous issues have been published electronically Fort Lesley J. McNair unified commands, and joint force development. and are available over the Internet at the address indicated Washington, D.C. 20319–5066 The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations ex- below. Paid subscriptions to JFQ are offered through the U.S. pressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do Government Printing Office. Telephone: (202) 685–4220 / DSN 325–4220 not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense The editors invite articles and other contributions on joint Fax: (202) 685–4219 / DSN 325–4219 or any other agency of the Federal Government. Copyrighted warfighting, interservice issues that support jointness, and e-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine ISSN 1070–0692 September 2001 Spring/Summer 2001 / JFQ 3 I Joint Force Quarterly A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN GEN Henry H. Shelton, USA (continued from page 1) Publisher I do not want to dwell on Vietnam in my last words as Chairman. Instead I want to stress ADVISORY COMMITTEE two lessons of that defining experience. One is VADM Paul G. Gaffney II, USN I National Defense University the need for morale and discipline without which Chairman military capabilities are useless. The Vietnam War BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) I Office of the Chairman almost tore the Nation apart, and the so-called hollow force of the 1970s was not just a matter of Col Darrell A. Browning, USMC I Marine Corps Command and Staff College aging systems. We were hollow in spirit. Morale Brig Gen Richard B. Bundy, USAF I The Joint Staff and discipline depend on various factors. Fore- MG Reginal G. Clemmons, USA I National War College most among them is leaders who set high stan- dards and insist on realistic training. We must I A. Denis Clift Joint Military Intelligence College have good weapons and equipment. And finally, VADM Scott A. Fry, USN I The Joint Staff we must deal with the material and emotional well-being of our people and their families. If we BG David H. Huntoon, USA I U.S. Army Command and General Staff College take care of those things, then we will accomplish MG Robert R. Ivany, USA I U.S. Army War College our missions. Maj Gen Edward L. LaFountaine, USAF I Joint Forces Staff College The second lesson is the need to maintain a bond between the military and the American Maj Gen David F. MacGehee, Jr., USAF I Air War College public. This is absolutely vital in a democracy. It MajGen Harold Mashburn, Jr., USMC I Industrial College of the Armed Forces also depends on a number of factors. We must be RADM Rodney P. Rempt, USN I Naval War College stewards of the public trust and exemplars of pro- fessionalism. Integrity must be our watchword. I Col John T. Sheridan, USAF Air Command and Staff College We must take advantage of the bridge between Col John H. Turner, USMC I Marine Corps War College the Armed Forces and society provided by mem- bers of the Reserve components. When they leave EDITORIAL BOARD Stephen J. Flanagan I National Defense University we must be stewards of the Chairman public trust and integrity must be Richard K. Betts I Columbia University our watchword Col John M. Calvert, USAF I Joint Forces Staff College Col Stephen D. Chiabotti, USAF I Air Command and Staff College Eliot A. Cohen I The Johns Hopkins University their civilian livelihoods for active duty, they en- sure that our all-volunteer force remains con- COL Robert A. Doughty, USA I U.S. Military Academy nected with the people it serves. LtCol Thomas J. Felts, USMC I Marine Corps War College Moreover, a free and unfettered press is im- Aaron L. Friedberg I Princeton University portant to an open dialogue with the public. We must work closely with our civilian leaders to tell Alan L. Gropman I Industrial College of the Armed Forces our story and take advantage of opportunities to COL Timothy S. Heinemann, USA I U.S. Army Command and General Staff College explain how and why we do what we do. CAPT Chester E. Helms, USN I Naval War College We rebuilt our forces spiritually and physi- cally after Vietnam. Results of these efforts were I COL Paul Herbert, USA National War College displayed to the world in Desert Storm. And Mark H. Jacobsen I Marine Corps Command and Staff College they’re on display today wherever our magnifi- Daniel T. Kuehl I Information Resources Management College cent forces serve around the globe. Everywhere I go, I see young enlisted troops, noncommis- Thomas L. McNaugher I The RAND Corporation sioned officers, and officers doing everything William H.