Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 Although a tank with temperate marine macro algae as the primary focus may be unheard of in the aquarium hobby, all of the equipment required is readily available, and as you may have noticed, many of the techniques involved are strikingly similar to common reef-keeping techniques already being employed. By Christopher Paparo Keywords: Algae, Christopher Paparo, Feature Article, Water Quality I n my last article I discussed identification and taxonomy of some temperate macro algae. If your interest has been piqued and you're starting to think about setting up a tank to showcase some of these marine plants, this article may help serve as a guide. In this installment I will discuss the construction, set-up, and maintenance of a 2,000-gallon macro algae exhibit at Atlantis Marine World in Riverhead NY. Although a tank of this scale might not be feasible for most, equipment and techniques described here can be scaled down accordingly to accommodate your space and budget. Building a strong usable base structure is essential to the success of a macro algae exhibit. This structure should be designed in such a way that allows for a lot of water flow throughout the tank. You will also need to keep in mind how algae will be placed throughout the tank. When suitable algae specimens are collected, they will be attached to rocks. This will require many flat areas to support the collected rocks. The theme of the Atlantis tank is the rock wall of an ocean inlet jetty. To create our jetty, we decided to build an insert out of fiberglass. In this particular set-up, fiberglass had many advantages over real rock. Locally, jetties are made up of large granite rocks. Unlike reef live rock, these rocks are solid, displacing a large volume of water and will carry a limited biological load. These granite rocks also far outweigh reef live rock of similar size. This increased weight of the rocks would create a safety concern. The size of the tank requires me to enter it for maintenance. Large granite rocks could become very troublesome if they were to tumble when I am in the tank. The first step in creating our artificial jetty was to build a three-sided mockup of the tank using plywood. This mock tank was then filled with large blocks of styrofoam. Carving the Styrofoam with a hot wire, the rough shape of a rocky wall was formed. The rough cut Styrofoam was covered with a http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2009/10/aafeature/view?searchterm=None Page 1 of 17 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM a hot wire, the rough shape of a rocky wall was formed. The rough cut Styrofoam was covered with a layer of plastic. This plastic layer protected the Styrofoam when fiberglass and resin was applied (resin would dissolve the Styrofoam upon contact with it). Once covered in plastic, four layers of fiberglass were applied. Four layers of fiberglass ensured that the insert would be able to support a large amount of weight. After giving the fiberglass time to cure, the insert was removed from the plywood tank, and all the Styrofoam and plastic was removed. large blocks of Styrofoam before carving with hot wire. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2009/10/aafeature/view?searchterm=None Page 2 of 17 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM The Styrofoam after being cut with hot wire. Although most of the fiberglass would, eventually, be covered with algae, we still wanted to start with something looking as real as possible. To create a more natural look, a thickened resin, with color pigments, was added to the exhibit side of the insert. The thickened resin was then sculpted, like clay, to look like the rocks of a jetty. Upon completion of this step, the insert was moved to the display tank. Styrofoam has been covered with plastic and 4 layers of fiberglass and thickened resin is being added to make it look more realistic. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2009/10/aafeature/view?searchterm=None Page 3 of 17 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM All fiberglass work is completed, and insert is ready to be moved to the exhibit. Initial filtration consisted of two high rate sand filters, each powered by a 2.0 HP Hayward Super II™ pump. One sand filter pulls water from behind the insert. To allow water to flow from the display side, many small holes had to be drilled in the insert. This suction line is important to ensure that there will be no stagnant water behind the insert. Upon leaving the sand filter, the return water goes to a 5 HP Aqua Logic™ chiller before returning to the tank on the display side of the insert. The second sand filter pulls from a 200-gallon sump, and the return is split into two lines. One line returns to the tank via three one-inch Sea Swirls™ and the second feeds several holding tanks (consisting of approximately 1000 gallons) that are connected to the system. Initially the use of a protein skimmer was discussed, but we decided against installing one. We thought the use of a skimmer would remove important nutrients that might be utilized by the algae. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2009/10/aafeature/view?searchterm=None Page 4 of 17 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM 5 HP Aqua Logic Chiller, one of the high rate sand filters, and holding tanks. As with all plants, lighting is extremely important. Without adequate lighting, the algae would not be able to carry out photosynthesis. Originally, a single 1000W daylight metal halide (Venture Cool Deluxe by Sunmaster™) was placed directly over the center of the exhibit. This is the same bulb that is used on our living reef exhibit (http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2007/2/aquarium/). Using only one halide, centered on the tank, we hoped to keep the greatest concentration of algae growing in the center of the tank, and not on the tank walls. At this point we had a tank with a strong base, filtration, and lighting, but no algae. To get the exhibit started, a collecting trip to Montauk, NY, was organized in March. The water temperature this time of year is in the low 40's and the air temperature is not much higher than that. Unfortunately, we had no other choice as to when to go collecting for this tank. The "star" of the exhibit is to be Laminaria (kelp) and here on Long Island, NY, we are at its southern range and it can only be found locally during the winter months. Tank after being stocked with freshly collected algae. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2009/10/aafeature/view?searchterm=None Page 5 of 17 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM Tank after being set up for a couple months. While collecting, rocks that were small, flat and contained a high density of algae were sought after. Large rocks are not only difficult to transport, they are more difficult to place into the exhibit. As we collected rocks, their locations in the water column were noted. Knowing where the rocks were collected will ensure that they will be properly placed in the exhibit. Rocks that are collected in the shallows will require more light, and therefore should be placed towards the top of the exhibit. While rocks collected deeper, should be placed towards the bottom of the exhibit. Once back at the aquarium, the algae-covered rocks were placed in the tank. Finally, the tank was looking like a section of a current-swept jetty. Large blades of Laminaria (Kelp), bright green leaves of Ulva (Sea Lettuce), and the purple shimmering of Chondrus (Irish Moss) swaying in the current were very relaxing to watch. Sadly, this "relaxing" exhibit quickly became a thorn in my side. Within a couple of weeks, the blades of kelp started to get an odd growth form. Instead of nice flowing blades, the blades started to grow in a twisted manner. The once lush Ulva and Chondrus broke loose from their bases and ceased growing. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2009/10/aafeature/view?searchterm=None Page 6 of 17 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM The current lighting set up. Overall look of the tank as it appears today. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2009/10/aafeature/view?searchterm=None Page 7 of 17 Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine - Feature Article: Algae: Sometimes Both Beautiful and Useful, Part 2 1/15/10 9:14 AM So what could be keeping the algae from thriving in this tank? Temperature was right were it needed to be. Water quality was exactly the same as the water where the algae were collected. Current seemed adequate, as all the blades were moving back and forth. The only parameter that I was unsure of was lighting. Is one 1000W metal halide sufficient? I quickly added two more 1000W metal halides.