Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Hemlock Woolly Adelgid THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA FEBRUARY 1-3, 2005 Brad Onken and Richard Reardon, Compilers Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia FHTET-2005-01 U.S. Department Forest Service June 2005 of Agriculture Most of the abstracts were submitted in an electronic format, and were edited to achieve a uniform format and typeface. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. Some participants did not submit abstracts, and so their presentations are not represented here. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. References to pesticides appear in some technical papers represented by these abstracts. Publication of these statements does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. Third Symposium ON HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES February 1-3, 2005 Renaissance Asheville Hotel Asheville, North Carolina Compiled by: Brad Onken1 and Richard Reardon2 1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Morgantown, West Virginia 2USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia For additional copies, contact Brad Onken at (304) 285-1546 (e-mail: [email protected]) or Richard Reardon at (304) 285-1566 (e-mail: [email protected]). The entire publication is available online at http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Congressman Taylor for his valuable time and for sharing his thoughts on forest manage- ment issues and concern of the hemlock woolly adelgid in his opening remarks. Special thanks to Rusty Rhea, USDA Forest Service Region 8 State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Fred Hain, North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, and Brad Onken, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, for con- tributions to symposium costs and their leadership in organizing and hosting the symposium. Thanks also to the USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team for providing the leadership and funding to print these manuscripts and abstracts and to Mark Riffe, ITX Interna- tional, for format and design of these proceedings. We acknowledge the hard work and excellent contributions of the presenters and authors of the posters. Thanks to Robert Turner, Susan Schexnayber, and Sherry Esteb, Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere for handling the registration and website announcements for the symposium and Robert Jetton, North Carolina State University, for managing the audiovisual equipment. Their hard work was greatly appreci- ated. Finally, we are grateful to the USDA Forest Service-Northeastern Area and R8, -North- eastern Research Station, -Southern Research Station, and -Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team for their leadership in addressing the hemlock woolly adelgid issue and providing support for much of the research and technology development activities presented in these proceedings. II SYMPOSIUM PROGRAM COMMITTEE Fred Hain (Co-chairman) Rusty Rhea (Co-chairman) North Carolina State University USDA Forest Service Raleigh, North Carolina Region 8, State and Private Forestry Asheville, North Carolina Richard Reardon Brad Onken USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry Morgantown, West Virginia Morgantown, West Virginia Kathleen Shields Dennis Souto USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry Hamden, Connecticut Durham, New Hampshire Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ___________________________________________________________________________________ FOREWORD Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, and Carolina hemlock, T. caroliniana, are shade- tolerant and long-lived tree species found in eastern North America. Both survive well in the shade of an overstory, although eastern hemlock has adapted to a variety of soil types and now extends from Nova Scotia across southern Ontario to northern Michigan and northeastern Minnesota, south- ward into northern Georgia and Alabama, and westward from central New Jersey to the Appala- chian Mountains. Carolina hemlock is a relict species limited to a small area in the southern range of eastern hemlock. Hemlock stands create an environment with many unique ecological and aesthetic charac- teristics, although due to their long life, they are susceptible to a number of insect pests, including hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa), hem- lock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria), and hemlock borer (Melanophila flvoguttata). In recent years (from the 1980s to the present), hemlock mortality and widespread pre- emptive logging caused by the hemlock woolly adelgid has roused the issue of the future of hem- lock. These hemlock forests will be replaced by hardwood species, and resulting local changes to the environment will have detrimental impacts for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In response to this threat to hemlocks in eastern North America, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and numerous state, university, and private organizations have responded with the development of a coordinated effort to manage the hemlock woolly adelgid and other III insect pests associated with hemlock. There have been two recent symposia addressing all aspects of hemlock woolly adelgid: in 1995, First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review, Charlottesville, Virginia; and in 2002, Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States Symposium, East Brunswick, New Jersey. The latest meeting, held in February of 2005, the Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the east- ern United States, Asheville, North Carolina, also included the presentation of information on the biology and impacts of elongate hemlock scale and the balsam woolly adelgid. Articles and ab- stracts in these proceedings represent the range of recent and current studies addressing this ongo- ing concern. Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ___________________________________________________________________________________ AGENDA: Third Symposium ON HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Overview of HWA, BWA, and EHS in North America Fred P. Hain et al. PRESENTATIONS An adelgid by any other name: The systematic Matthew S. Wallace challenges of the adelgids (Hemiptera Adelgidae) Impacts (including economic and ecological) The economic impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid on Tom Holmes, Elizabeth Murphy, and Denise residential landscape values in northern New Jersey Royle Impacts of hemlock decline at Delaware Water Gap Rich Evans National Recreation Area (PA & NJ) Impacts of balsam woolly adelgid in the southern John Frampton, Kevin M. Potter, and Jill R. Appalachians Sidebottom IV Long-term effects of hemlock forest decline on C.D. Snyder, J.A. Young, R.M. Ross, and D.R. headwater stream communities Smith Survey, Impact, and Detection A binomial sequential sampling plan for Adelges tsugae Jeffrey Fidgen, David Legg, and Scott Salom on eastern hemlock Sampling for detection and monitoring of hemlock Scott Costa woolly adelgid within hemlock stands A randomized branch sampling method for hemlock Alexander Evans woolly adelgid Using hyperspectral technologies to map hemlock Jennifer Pontius, Mary Martin, Lucie Plourde, decline: Pre-visual decline assessment for early and Richard Hallett infestation detection Operational use of hyperspectral imagery for forest Richard Hallett, Jennifer Pontius, Mary Martin, health