Zen Buddhist Rhetoric in China, Korea, and Japan Conceptual History and Chinese Linguistics Edited by Christoph Harbsmeier Bjarke Frellesvig Michael Lackner Alain Peyraube Michael Puett Rudolf Wagner VOLUME 3 Th e titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/chcl Zen Buddhist Rhetoric in China, Korea, and Japan Edited by Christoph Anderl LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Detail from a wall-carving with an illustrated transmission chart of ᒴ]ႚ Account of theڂ]៲ऄב patriarchs, based on the Fù fǎzàng [yīnyuán] zhuàn 24 [Avādana] of the Transmission of the Dharma Treasure (T.50 no.2058). Th is is probably the fi rst Chinese illustration of this topic and was carved as part of an iconographic program ऄ thought. Th e ‘Decline of the Dharma’ and the pending apocalypseأ concerned with mòfǎ was an idea which became very important during the 6th century in Northern China. Transmission theories were consequently adopted by the Tiāntái School, and from the late 7th century onwards also by adherents of the emerging Chán factions. Transmission Texts eventually developed into one of the most important genres of Chán/Sŏn/Zen Buddhism. ;Dàzhù Օ۰ Cave at Bǎoshān ᣪ՞, Hénán Province; constructed in 589 AD) photograph by Christoph Anderl) Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zen Buddhist rhetoric in China, Korea, and Japan / edited by Christoph Anderl. p. cm. -- (Conceptual history and Chinese linguistics; 3) Includes index. “Th e papers included in this volume are originally based on presentations given at a conference on Zen Buddhist rhetoric in the autumn of 2008 in Norway.” ISBN 978-90-04-18556-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Chinese language--Rhetoric. 2. Chinese language--History 3. Buddhism and literature--China. 4. Buddhism and literature--Korea. 5. Buddhism and literature--Japan. I. Anderl, Christoph. PL1271.Z423 2012 895.1’09382943927--dc23 2011040930 ISSN 2210-2884 ISBN 978 90 04 18556 2 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CHÁN RHETORIC IN ROSENDAL I was standing on the lawn, facing two mountains, each lording over a glacier stream, one pitched one quint above the other. Behind me the barn where the conference on Chán rhetoric was held. I spoke to the thrush, perching on a branch of a pine some ten yards away, and said: “Pray tell me, whose are the voices I hear from the barn behind my back?” “Ah”, replied the thrush, “they are pilgrims from afar, seeking the truth.” “What truth?,” I said. “The truth about The way!,” the thrush replied. “The way to The other shore.” Looking at my Chinese jacket, the thrush added: “ ” “ !” No sea in sight. No shore! Two mountains and two streams of melting ice, one highly pitched, though not as high as one voice from the barn, one of lower pitch, though not as low as another voice from the barn. “That’s it,” the thrush said, “those mountains are your sea and the two streams your shore.” Two voices from the barn blended with the voices of the streams, one highly pitched, one low. “Two mountains a sea? Two glacier streams a shore?” “It’s windy to-night!” (Göran Malmqvist) CONTENTS PREFACE ..............................................................................................IX CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................XIII CHRISTOPH ANDERL: Chán Rhetoric: An Introduction...................................................... .1 JENS BRAARVIG: Rhetoric of Emptiness.................................................................... 95 BART DESSEIN: ‘Thus Have I Heard’ and Other Claims to Authenticity: Development of Rhetorical Devices in the Sarvstivda ap d bhidharma Texts............................................................. 121 CHRISTOPH HARBSMEIER: Reading the One Hundred Parables S tra: The Dialogue Preface and the G th Postface ................................................................ 163 CHRISTOPH ANDERL: Coming to Terms with Terms: The Rhetorical Function of Technical Terms in Chán Buddhist Texts.................................... 205 HALVOR EIFRING: Beyond Perfection: The Rhetoric of Chán Poetry in Wáng Wéi’s W ng Stream Collection .............................................................. 237 CHRISTIAN WITTERN: Some Preliminary Remarks to a Study of Rhetorical Devices in Chán Ylù Encounter Dialogues................................... 265 WILLIAM M. BODIFORD: The Rhetoric of Chinese Language in Japanese Zen................... 285 viii CONTENTS STEVEN HEINE: Dgen’s Appropriation of Chinese Chán Sources: Sectarian and Non-Sectarian Rhetorical Perspectives ........................................315 ROBERT BUSWELL: Pojo Chinul and Kanhwa S n : Reconciling the Language of Moderate and Radical Subitism...............................345 JÖRG PLASSEN: From Apologetics to Subversion: Some Initial Observations on S lcham’s Chodong owi yohae ...............363 JONGMYUNG KIM: Hyuj ng’s S n’ga kwigam and its Historical Setting and Soteriological Strategies...............................................................381 VLADIMIR TIKHONOV: Manhae Han Yongun’s Attempt at Producing an All-Inclusive Modern Buddhist Compendium – Pulgyo Taej n........................399 THERESE SOLLIEN: Sermons by X Yún – A Special Transmission Within the Scriptures......................................................................................417 INDEX ................................................................................................439 PREFACE The papers included in this volume are originally based on presentations given at a conference on Zen Buddhist rhetoric in the autumn of 2008 in Norway. The conference took place in the secluded Baroniet Rosendal on the west coast of Norway, a place of exquisite natural beauty, surrounded by the ocean, mountains, woods, glaciers, and water falls. I would like to thank all the participants for their contributions to that memorable event. The idea for the conference originated from the realization that—despite the great amount of secondary literature produced on many aspects of Chán/Zen doctrine and history—there were still few comparative studies on the aspect of rhetoric and language in Chán/Zen/Sn genres and texts. This is surprising, since the great focus on the use of language, the creation and adaption of genres, and an enormous production of literature is of paramount importance for the success of the Chán/Zen/Sn Schools throughout East Asia. Needless to say—faced with the fact of a vast literary production during more than 1,300 years, texts belonging to many different genres, using different languages and styles, authored and compiled at different places and times, and under a variety of historical and sociopolitical circumstances—only a few aspects of this vastly complex question could be pursued. In order to engage in the study of Chán/Zen/Sn rhetoric in a broader context, the question was approached diachronically and by including case studies from different periods and regions in East Asia. Significantly, also more general discussions of Indian and Chinese Buddhist rhetoric, as well as the study of important developments prior to the emergence of Chán, have been included. Hopefully, this approach has helped to determine continuities and changes in the development of Buddhist genres, rhetoric, and language on a more general basis, and embedded the discussion of more specific Chán/Zen/Sn developments in this broader framework. It was also a great concern to include several scholars of Korean Buddhist studies, a field—despite the significant contributions of Korean monks to the development of Chán/Zen/Sn in East Asia—unfortunately still x PREFACE underrepresented as compared to the study of Chinese and Japanese Buddhism. Another important factor in the approach to the topic has been the question of audience and readership: what are the ‘internal’ aspects of Chán/Zen/Sn texts, and what are the ‘public’ or ‘external’ features? As can be deduced from the case studies, many developments in Chán/Zen/Sn literature and rhetorical strategies have been directly triggered and influenced by paradigmatic shifts concerning the sociopolitical and institutional framework, or by sectarian struggles. As such, the ‘public’ aspect is of paramount importance, for example, Chán/Zen/Sn rhetoric directed to audiences consisting of members of the ruling class, powerful lay supporters, officials, literati, lay practitioners, or other important ‘agents’ in society. Modes and modalities of Zen rhetoric, the use of language and genres, have undergone significant developments and changes based on these interactions. Some other questions which have been pursued in the course of the project, include the following: what were the ‘precedents’ of Chán/ Zen/Sn literature, how did the development of the ‘narrative’ and the great popularity of