HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Spartan soldier Ancient Greece and Rome Teacher Guide Alexander the Great Amphora Julius Caesar Caesar Augustus Ancient Greece and Rome Teacher Guide Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation (www.coreknowledge.org) made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. 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ISBN: 978-1-68380-319-5 Ancient Greece and Rome Table of Contents Introduction .................................................... 1 Ancient Greece and Rome Sample Pacing Guide ........................ 21 Chapter 1 The Ancient Greek City-States ............... 25 Chapter 2 Athens ........................................... 37 Chapter 3 Sparta ........................................... 46 Chapter 4 The Olympic Games ........................... 52 Chapter 5 The Persian Wars .............................. 59 Chapter 6 The Golden Age of Athens ................... 65 Chapter 7 The Peloponnesian War ...................... 76 Chapter 8 Greek Philosophy and Socrates ............. 80 Chapter 9 Plato and Aristotle ............................ 90 Chapter 10 Alexander and the Hellenistic Period ...... 98 Chapter 11 The Roman Republic .......................... 106 Chapter 12 The Punic Wars ................................. 113 Chapter 13 Julius Caesar: A Great Roman ............... 118 Chapter 14 The Age of Augustus .......................... 129 Chapter 15 Rome and Christianity ........................ 139 Chapter 16 The Fall of the Roman Empire ............... 148 Chapter 17 The Heritage of Greece and Rome .......... 155 Teacher Resources ................................................ 159 Ancient Greece and Rome Teacher Guide Core Knowledge History and Geography™ 6 UNIT 2 Introduction ABOUT THIS UNIT The Big Idea The civilizations of both ancient Greece and ancient Rome were rich and complex. Their cultural and political traditions continue to influence Western society today. The ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome have influenced Western society more profoundly than perhaps any other cultures in world history. The political institutions of these two great civilizations—including the early forms of democracy established in Athens and several other city-states of ancient Greece and the judicious power sharing articulated in the Roman republic— have been incorporated with great success into many subsequent societies. The many remarkable rulers who led these two cultures or fought one or both of them—including Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Caesar, and Caesar Augustus—are part of a shared world history that is echoed by Edgar Allan Poe in his poem “To Helen,” in which he invokes “the glory that was Greece/and the grandeur that was Rome.” INTRODUCTION 1 Time Period Background What Students Should Already Know This timeline provides an overview of key events related to the content of this unit. Use a classroom timeline with students to Students in Core Knowledge schools should be familiar with: help them sequence and relate events that occurred from 800 BCE to 476 CE • The definitions of BC and AD, and of BCE and CE C. 800–700 BCE The Greek epic poet Homer • Geography of the Mediterranean region is said to have told the tales of the Iliad and the Odyssey. - Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and Adriatic Sea 776 BCE The Olympic Games began - Greece, Italy (peninsula), France, Spain as a festival honoring the god Zeus. In 776 BCE, a foot race - Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean was added, followed by other competitions in later years. - North Africa, Asia Minor (peninsula), Turkey - Bosporus (strait), Black Sea, Istanbul (Constantinople) 500 BCE By 500 BCE, there were dozens of Greek city-states. - Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean 500 BCE Athens is considered the • Mythology of ancient Greece birthplace of the democratic form of government. - Gods and goddesses - Mount Olympus: home of the gods 500 BCE The city-state of Sparta emphasized highly - Greek myths, such as Pandora’s Box, Theseus and the Minotaur, disciplined military training. Daedalus and Icarus, Heracles 400s BCE Rome consisted of a few • Ancient Greek civilizations thousand farmers living beside the Tiber River. - Sparta 490 BCE Athens (and Plataea) defeat - Athens as a city-state: the beginnings of democracy a Persian force at the Battle of Marathon. - Persian Wars: Marathon and Thermopylae 480–479 BCE The Spartans joined the - Olympic games Athenians to defeat the Persians during the battles - Great thinkers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle at Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. - Alexander the Great • Ancient Roman civilizations 469–399 BCE Socrates, found guilty of misleading the young men - Background of the founding and growth of Rome of Athens, was sentenced to death. - The legend of Romulus and Remus 447–438 BCE Under Pericles’s leadership, - Latin as the language of Rome the Parthenon was built as part of the Acropolis on a - The worship of deities based on Greek religion hill in Athens to honor the goddess Athena. - The republic: Senate, patricians, plebeians - The Punic Wars: Carthage, Hannibal 431–404 BCE Sparta and Athens battled one another for more than - The Roman Empire twenty-five years during the Peloponnesian War. - Julius Caesar (defeats Pompey and becomes dictator; “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered); associated with Cleopatra of Egypt; 427–322 BCE The writings of Plato and his student Aristotle are still assassinated in the Senate by Brutus) read and studied today. - Caesar Augustus 356–323 BCE At the Battle of Issus, - Life in the Roman Empire (the Forum; the Colosseum; roads, bridges, Alexander the Great defeated the Persians. and aqueducts) - The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and the destruction of Pompeii 275 BCE By 275 BCE, the city of Rome governed all of Italy. 2 ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME 264–241 BCE In the First Punic War, Rome prevented Carthage from taking over Sicily. What Students Should Already Know CONTINUED - The persecution of Christians 218–201 BCE In the Second Punic War, Hannibal and his army - The decline and fall of Rome, including corrupt emperors, civil wars, crossed the Alps into Italy but were defeated by the and the sacking of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 CE Romans. - Constantinople merges diverse influences and cultures as the seat of 149–146 BCE In the Third Punic War, the the empire Roman army destroyed the city of Carthage and enslaved all survivors. 100 BCE Greek culture spread during the Hellenistic Period after Alexander’s death, as evidenced by the library in Alexandria. What Students Need to Learn As noted in the previous section, students in Core Knowledge schools 58–51 BCE Julius Caesar led the Roman armies in conquering Gaul, have been introduced to the geography, history, and culture of the area we now know as France. ancient Greece and Rome in the earlier grades, but are reintroduced 49 BCE After Caesar crossed the to many of these same ideas in Grade 6 to review and extend earlier Rubicon, civil war broke out, with Caesar fighting learning. his former ally Pompey. ANCIENT GREECE 44 BCE Julius Caesar was assassinated. • The Greek polis (city-state) and patriotism 27 CE Octavian, who became • Beginnings of democratic government: modern American democratic known as Caesar Augustus, government has its roots in Athenian democracy (despite the obvious was the first Roman emperor. limitations on democracy in ancient Greece, for example, slavery, vote denied to women). 64 CE–310 CE Christians were killed by wild animals or were forced - The Assembly to fight for their lives. - Suffrage, majority vote 312–313 CE Roman emperor • The “classical” ideal of human life and works Constantine converted to Christianity and declared Christianity a legal religion - The ideal of the well-rounded individual and worthy citizen in Rome. - Pericles and the “Golden Age” 410 CE The Visigoths attacked and - Art: Discus Thrower by Myron plundered Rome. - Architecture: the Parthenon 476 CE The fall of Rome - Games: the Olympics • Greek myths - Apollo and Daphne - Orpheus and Eurydice - Narcissus and Echo • Greek wars: victory and hubris, defeat and shame - Persian Wars: Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis - The Peloponnesian