DASH-based Network Performance-aware Solution for Personalised Video Delivery Systems Lejla Rovcanin PhD 2016 DASH-based Network Performance-aware Solution for Personalised Video Delivery Systems Lejla Rovcanin M.Sc. (Res) Computer Applications, B.Eng. Thesis Submitted for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) to School of Electronic Engineering Dublin City University Supervisor: Dr. Gabriel-Miro Muntean January 2016 Declaration I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work Signed: ____________ ID No.: 96971631 Date: 10/01/2016 ii Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ viii List of Algorithms ............................................................................................................................ ix Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ x Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xiii 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Motivation ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Example ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Proposed Solutions ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 Performance Oriented Adaptation Agent ....................................................................... 5 1.3.2 DASH-based Performance Oriented Adaptive Video Distribution Solution .................... 5 1.4 Research Context and Scope.................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Research Methodology .......................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Research Contributions ......................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Thesis Outline ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Related Publications .............................................................................................................. 9 2 Technology Context ....................................................................................... 10 2.1 Video ...................................................................................................................................11 2.1.1 Outline of Video Compression Process.........................................................................12 2.1.2 Video Compression Standards......................................................................................13 2.2 Network Delivery.................................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Application Layer Protocols .........................................................................................14 2.2.2 Transport Layer Protocols ............................................................................................15 2.2.3 Network Layer Protocols .............................................................................................16 2.2.4 Data Link Layer Protocols ...........................................................................................16 2.3 Video Quality and User Experience ......................................................................................17 2.3.1 QoS and Delivery Network Conditions.........................................................................18 2.3.2 QoE/QoP and Delay/Latency .......................................................................................19 2.3.3 QoS Standards Relating to Delay/Latency ....................................................................21 2.3.4 Methods for Video Quality Measurements ...................................................................22 2.3.4.1 Methods for Objective Estimation of Video Quality .....................................................22 2.3.4.2 Methods for Subjective Estimation of Video Quality ....................................................23 2.4 MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) ...................................................23 2.4.1 Overview of Web Video Delivery Approaches .............................................................23 2.4.2 MPEG-DASH Overview ..............................................................................................24 2.4.3 MPEG-DASH Data Model Overview ...........................................................................27 2.4.4 MPEG-DASH Media Presentation Description (MPD) .................................................27 2.4.5 MPEG-DASH Client Side Architecture and Behaviour .................................................28 2.4.6 Player Buffer Considerations .......................................................................................30 2.4.7 Startup Delay and Initial Buffering Considerations .......................................................31 2.4.8 Network Performance Estimation for HTTP Adaptive Streaming..................................32 2.4.9 Segment Size and Duration ..........................................................................................34 2.4.10 Comparison of HTTP Streaming Algorithms ................................................................35 2.4.11 QoE Aware HTTP Streaming .......................................................................................36 2.4.12 Solutions Aware of Previously Downloaded Content ....................................................37 2.4.13 Approaches to Quality Evaluation for Adaptive HTTP Streaming .................................37 2.4.14 Server/Host Selection...................................................................................................39 2.5 Self-Adaptive Systems .........................................................................................................42 2.6 End User Devices .................................................................................................................42 2.6.1 Device Identification....................................................................................................43 2.6.2 Device Classification ...................................................................................................46 2.7 Summary .............................................................................................................................47 3 Web-based Learning Systems ............................................................................. 48 3.1 A Brief History of Hypermedia ............................................................................................48 3.2 Learning Objects, Content Modelling and Standards .............................................................49 3.3 Adaptive Hypermedia Systems .............................................................................................49 iii 3.3.1 Architecture and Components ......................................................................................50 3.3.2 Adaptation Approaches ................................................................................................53 3.3.3 Advantages and Development Trends...........................................................................53 3.4 Open and Distributed Adaptive Hypermedia Learning Systems .............................................54 3.5 Delivery Context-aware Adaptation ......................................................................................55 3.5.1 Time-dependent Media Content ...................................................................................56 3.5.2 Context Definition and Components .............................................................................57 3.5.3 Adaptation Approaches ................................................................................................57 3.5.4 Temporal Adaptation Factors .......................................................................................58 3.5.5 Delivery Network-aware Adaptation in Personalised Learning Systems ........................59 3.5.6 User Device-aware Adaptation in Personalised Learning Systems.................................60 3.5.7 Consideration of Social Knowledge (Community Wisdom) ..........................................62