Collective meaning and specific, prophetic reference in the parables of Matthew 13? by Jacob Jan Scholtz Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Theology in the Faculty of Theology at the Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Dr. Marius Nel Department of New Testament Theology December 2013 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2013 Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis investigates whether the parables of Matthew 13 can be understood, both individually and collectively, when they are connected to specific, prophetic referents. After a review of parable research, hermeneutical guidelines are identified in order to interpret the parables of Matthew 13 (chapter 2). Novel guidelines identified include the identification of specific, prophetic referents, the possibility of using details already explained in Matthew 13 in a contextually consistent manner, focusing on the collective meaning of this parabolic discourse and identifying what is new and old in each parable. After considering the structure of Matthew 13 (in chapter 3), these hermeneutical guidelines are applied, focusing on the contextual background (chapter 4) before analysing the parables individually (chapter 5) and collectively (chapter 6). The time period covered by the parables of Matthew 13 as a group is from the days of John the Baptist until the second coming of Jesus Christ. The kingdom of heaven is understood to exist from Pentecost onwards but will only be established when Christ returns, that is, the kingdom of heaven “exists-but-is-not-yet-established”. In Matthew’s presentation, the parable of the sower covers the time period during which Jesus presents the word (or gospel) of the kingdom to Israel only. During that time, Jesus authenticates his Messianic claims to Israel and, by doing so, displays the authority and power bestowed on the Christ to them. But when Jesus is rejected, the treasure is hidden and he goes to the cross to provide the sign of Jonah. After purchasing the field, having received all authority in heaven and on earth, the Son of Man sends good seed not only to Israel, but to all the nations of the world. The sons of the kingdom first sent must include Peter and the other ten disciples who are commanded to go and make disciples. The surprising growth of the Church after the great commission includes, perhaps unexpectedly, also Gentiles, for the Son of Man commences his pearl ministry by baptising not only Jewish and Samaritan but also Gentile believers with the Holy Spirit. At the end of this age, the gospel of the kingdom will again be preached. This time, however, it will be preached not only to Israel, but as a witness to all the nations — and then the present age will end. After the tribulation and judgment of those days, the King returns to unveil the treasure in order to establish the Messianic kingdom on earth. It is submitted that, regardless of one’s eschatological view (this thesis is presented from a dispensational, premillennial perspective), by focusing on specific, prophetic referents and by considering this series of parables in a collective and contextually consistent manner, the parables of Matthew 13 (and perhaps the Gospel of Matthew as a whole) can be understood differently. And it is about understanding all these things that Jesus questions his disciples. ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Hierdie tesis ondersoek of die gelykenisse van Matteus 13, sowel individueel as kollektief beskou, verstaan kan word wanneer dit met spesifieke, profetiese referente in verband gebring word. Ná ’n oorsig van navorsing oor gelykenisse word hermeneutiese riglyne ontwikkel waarmee die gelykenisse van Matteus 13 geïnterpreteer kan word (hoofstuk 2). Nuwe riglyne wat aangebied word, sluit in die identifisering van spesifieke, profetiese referente, die moontlike gebruik van referente wat reeds in Matteus 13 verklaar is op ’n kontekstueel konsekwente wyse, ’n fokus op die kollektiewe betekenis van hierdie paraboliese diskoers en om wat in elke gelykenis nuut en oud is, te identifiseer. Nadat oorweging aan die struktuur van Matteus 13 geskenk is (hoofstuk 3), word die hermeneutiese riglyne toegepas, eers op die kontekstuele agtergrond (hoofstuk 4), en daarna word elke gelykenis individueel ontleed (hoofstuk 5) voordat dit kollektief beskou word (hoofstuk 6). Daar is bevind dat die tydperk wat hierdie gelykenisse as ’n kollektiewe eenheid dek van die dae van Johannes die Doper af tot by Jesus Christus se wederkoms strek. Die koninkryk van die hemele word begryp as dat dit bestaan vanaf Pinkster maar sal eers opgerig word as Christus terugkeer, dit is, die koninkryk van die hemele “bestaan- maar-is-nog-nie-opgerig-nie”. In Matteus se aanbieding dek die gelykenis van die saaier die tydperk waartydens Jesus die woord (of evangelie) van die koninkryk alleen aan Israel aanbied. Gedurende hierdie tydperk bekragtig Jesus sy Messiaanse aansprake aan Israel en daardeur vertoon Hy aan Israel die mag en krag waarmee die Christus bedeel is. Maar wanneer Jesus verwerp word, word die skat verberg, en Hy gaan na die kruis toe om die teken van Jona te verskaf. Nadat die saailand gekoop is, nadat Hy alle mag in die hemel en op aarde ontvang het, stuur die Seun van die Mens goeie saad, nie net na Israel toe nie, maar na al die nasies van die wêreld. Die seuns van die koninkryk wat eerste gestuur is, moet Petrus en die ander tien dissipels wat beveel is om dissipels te gaan maak, insluit. Die verrassende groei van die Kerk ná die groot opdrag sluit, miskien onverwags, ook heidene in, want die Seun van die Mens begin sy pêrel bediening deur Joodse, Samaritaanse en ook heidense gelowiges met die Heilige Gees te doop. Aan die einde van hierdie eeu sal die evangelie van die koninkryk weer verkondig word, dan egter nie net aan Israel nie maar tot ‘n getuienis aan alle nasies — en dan sal hierdie eeu eindig. Ná die verdrukking en oordeel van daardie dae sal die Koning terugkeer om die skat te openbaar en om die Messiaanse koninkryk op aarde te vestig. Daar word voorgestel dat, ongeag die eskatologiese siening wat gehuldig mag word — en hierdie tesis word aangebied vanuit ’n dispensasionele, premillennialistiese perspektief — die gelykenisse van Matteus 13 (en miskien ook die Evangelie van Matteus as ’n geheel) anders verstaan kan word as daar op spesifieke, profetiese referente gefokus word en hierdie reeks gelykenisse op ’n kollektiewe en kontekstueel konsekwente manier benader word. En juis oor ’n begrip van al hierdie dinge is waaroor Jesus sy dissipels uitvra. iii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements I thank my mother, Winy, who first told me about God when I was a little boy (“You mean He can see through the roof?”) and my late father, Gert, who loved truth and whose abilities as a researcher I wish to imitate in a small way. For the theological teaching they provide, I also thank Piet Venter (he preached the gospel at the time I was saved), the late Ray Stedman (authentic Christianity) and Chuck Missler (be a Berean and discover what God says in his Word). Further, I also thank Jacob Prasch and Arnold Fruchtenbaum for the Messianic Jewish perspective on the Scriptures both provide, albeit from slightly different hermeneutical positions. To my study leader, Dr Marius Nel, thank you for your patience, for bearing with views that are different from yours and for insisting on a strict focus on the Gospel of Matthew. To my wife, Veronica, thank you for your love and encouragement; without you these “official” theological studies would not have started. This study was initiated when I asked Jesus why He thinks well of the scribe in Matthew 13:52 but is ‘so down’ on other scribes. Understanding of the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven is given to his disciples, and Jesus asks us, “Have you understood all these things?” In whatever small way this attempt to understand the parables of Matthew 13 contains truth, to that extent what has been given is simply offered back to the Lord whom I worship and want to glorify. iv Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Table of Contents Declaration ........................................................................................................................................ i Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ ii Opsomming ..................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................