Using Modern Stellar Observables to Constrain Stellar Parameters and the Physics of the Stellar Interior DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jennifer L. van Saders Graduate Program in Astronomy The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Professor Marc Pinsonneault, Advisor Professor Jennifer Johnson Professor Krzysztof Stanek Copyright by Jennifer L. van Saders 2014 Abstract The current state and future evolution of a star is, in principle, specified by a only a few physical quantities: the mass, age, hydrogen, helium, and metal abundance. These same fundamental quantities are crucial for reconstructing the history of stellar systems ranging in scale from planetary systems to galaxies. However, the fundamental parameters are rarely directly observable, and we are forced to use proxies that are not always sensitive or unique functions of the stellar parameters we wish to determine. Imprecise or inaccurate determinations of the fundamental parameters often limit our ability to draw inferences about a given system. As new technologies, instruments, and observing techniques become available, the list of viable stellar observables increases, and we can explore new links between the observables and fundamental quantities in an effort to better characterize stellar systems. In the era of missions such as Kepler, time-domain observables such as the stellar rotation period and stellar oscillations are now available for an unprecedented number of stars, and future missions promise to further expand the sample. Furthermore, despite the successes of stellar evolution models, the processes and detailed structure of the deep stellar interior remains uncertain. Even in the ii case of well-measured, well understood stellar observables, the link to the underlying parameters contains uncertainties due to our imperfect understanding of stellar interiors. Model uncertainties arise from sources such as the treatment of turbulent convection, transport of angular momentum and mixing, and assumptions about the physical conditions of stellar matter. By carefully examining the sensitivity of stellar observables to physical processes operating within the star and model assumptions, we can design observational tests for the theory of stellar interiors. I propose a series of tools based on new or revisited stellar observables that can be used both to constrain stellar parameters and the physics of the interior. I examine how the acoustic signature of the location of the base of stellar convective envelopes can be used as an absolute abundance indicator, and describe a novel 3He-burning instability in low mass stars along with the observational signatures of such a process. Finally, I examine the manner in which stellar rotation, observed in a population of objects, can be used as a means to distinguish between different evolutionary states, masses, and ages. I emphasize that rotation periods can be used as age indicators (as often discussed in the literature), but that the interpretation of rotation periods must be made within the context of the full stellar population to arrive at accurate results. iii Dedication To my parents and my husband, for being there, always. iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, I wish to thank Marc Pinsonneault for endless hours of discussion, guidance, and a willingness to help me pursue my personal scientific interests. More than anyone else, I thank him for being a source of infectious enthusiasm, and for simultaneously providing guidance and a place to discuss (often only half-formed) ideas. I want to thank to department as a whole for their dedication to the training of graduate students, and for giving me opportunities to grow from the very beginning. There are many people, within the department and outside of it with whom I have discussed this work, and who have contributed to its depth and form: Sarbani Basu, Lars Bildsten, Franck Delahaye, Rafa Garc´ıa, Andy Gould, Jennifer A. Johnson, Savita Mathur, Travis Metcalfe, and Bill Paxton, and Kris Stanek. I want to thank Chuck Keeton, for taking the chance on me as an undergraduate and devoting amazing amounts of time to my early training. I have no doubts that that early experience cemented my path. Thank you to the friends here that have made this place a home for me. I want to thank my parents for raising me with a love of science and learning, for nurturing my curiosity and for never doubting that I had the capacity and perseverance to v make this a reality. Thank you, Ben, for juggling the dual roles of husband and scientific confidant, and for being my partner throughout this process. vi Vita February 13, 1987 . Born { Flemington, NJ, USA 2009 . B.S. Astrophysics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 2009 { 2010 . Distinguished University Fellow, The Ohio State University 2010 { 2013 . NSF Graduate Research Fellow, The Ohio State University 2013 { 2014 . Distinguished University Fellow, The Ohio State University Publications Research Publications 1. W.-H. Wang, L.L. Cowie, A.J. Barger, J.L. van Saders, J.P. Williams, \GOODS 850-5: A z>4 Galaxy Discovered in the Submillimeter?", ApJ, 670, L89, (2007). 2. R.J. Assef, et al. (42 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \Black Hole Mass Estimates Based on C IV are Consistent with Those Based on the Balmer Lines", ApJ, 742, 93, (2011). 3. J.L. van Saders and B.S. Gaudi, \Ensemble Analysis of Open Cluster Transit Surveys: Upper Limits on the Frequency of Short-period Planets Consistent with the Field", ApJ, 729, 63, (2011). 4. C.J. Grier, et al. (40 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \A Reverber- ation Lag for the High-ionization Component of the Broad-line Region in the Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Mrk 335", ApJ, 744, L4, (2012). vii 5. C.J. Grier, et al. (43 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \Reverbera- tion Mapping Results for Five Seyfert 1 Galaxies", ApJ, 755, 60, (2012). 6. R.J. Siverd, et al. (32 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \KELT-1b: A Strongly Irradiated, Highly Inflated, Short Period, 27 Jupiter-mass Companion Transiting a Mid-F Star", ApJ, 761, 123, (2012). 7. J.L. van Saders and M.H. Pinsonneault, \The Sensitivity of Convection Zone Depth to Stellar Abundances: An Absolute Stellar Abundance Scale from Asteroseismology", ApJ, 746, 16, (2012). 8. J.L. van Saders and M.H. Pinsonneault, \An 3He -driven Instability near the Fully Convective Boundary", ApJ, 751, 98, (2012). 9. G. Doˇgan,et al. (30 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \Characteriz- ing Two Solar-type Kepler Subgiants with Asteroseismology: KIC 10920273 and KIC 11395018",ApJ, 763, 49, (2013). 10. A. Gould, et al. (125 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \MOA-2010- BLG-523: Failed Planet = RS CVn Star", ApJ, 763, 141, (2013). 11. C.J. Grier, et al. (41 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \The Struc- ture of the Broad-line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Reconstructed Velocity-delay Maps", ApJ, 764, 47, (2013). 12. J.L. van Saders and M.H. Pinsonneault, \Fast Star, Slow Star; Old Star, Young Star: Subgiant Rotation as a Population and Stellar Physics Diagnostic", ApJ, 776, 67, (2013). 13. J.C. Yee, et al. (132 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \MOA-2010- BLG-311: A Planetary Candidate below the Threshold of Reliable Detection", ApJ, 769, 77, (2013). 14. G. Zasowski, et al. (46 coauthors including J.L. van Saders), \Target Selection for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)", AJ, 146, 81, (2013). Fields of Study Major Field: Astronomy viii Table of Contents Abstract ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ii Dedication :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: iv Acknowledgments :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: v Vita ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vii List of Tables :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: xii List of Figures ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: xiii Chapter 1: Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Fundamental Stellar Parameters and Stellar Observables . 1 1.2 Stellar Evolution Models ......................... 3 1.3 Modern Observables: Asteroseismology ................. 5 1.4 Modern Observables: Stellar Rotation .................. 8 1.5 Scope of the Dissertation ......................... 11 Chapter 2: The Sensitivity of Convection Zone Depth to Stellar Abundances : 14 2.1 Introduction ................................ 14 2.2 Calculation of the Acoustic Depth and Theoretical Error bars . 17 2.2.1 Calculation of the Acoustic Depth to the Convection Zone . 18 2.2.2 Standard Input .......................... 19 2.2.3 Theoretical Error Bars on the Acoustic Depth . 23 2.3 The sensitivity of the convection zone to mass and composition . 33 ix 2.3.1 Mass dependence of the acoustic depth to the CZ . 34 2.3.2 Composition dependence of the acoustic depth to the CZ . 35 2.3.3 Uncertainties in the relationship between acoustic depth, density, and effective temperature . 37 2.3.4 Probing the physics of stellar interiors with acoustic depth diagnostics ............................. 40 2.3.5 Caveats .............................. 44 2.4 Discussion and Summary ......................... 48 2.5 Figures and Tables ............................ 51 Chapter 3: A 3He driven instability near the fully convective boundary :::: 62 3.1 Introduction ................................ 62 3.2 Stellar Models ............................... 63 3.3 3He instability .............................. 64 3.3.1 Nature of the Instability ..................... 64 3.3.2 Checks and Physics