86 STUDY Analysis Limiting Global Warming to 1.5°C The Climate Risks and Irreversible Losses We Must Avoid Published by Brot für die Welt Author Thomas Hirsch Evangelisches Werk für Diakonie (Climate and Development Advice) und Entwicklung e. V. With contributions by Sabine Caroline-Michaelis-Straße 1 Minninger, Joachim Fünfgelt, 10115 Berlin, Germany Eike Zaumseil (all Brot für die Welt), Tel +49 30 65211 0 Sophie Gebreyes (Lutheran World [email protected] Federation), Maina Talia (Tuvalu www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de Association of Non-Governmental Organisations) Editors Maike Lukow, Antje World Council of Churches Monshausen, Simon Philips 150 Route de Ferney Legally responsible for content CP 2100 Klaus Seitz 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Photos Philipp Hedemann (p. 18, 24, Tel +41 22 791 61 11 44/45), Christof Krackhardt (title, p. 15, [email protected] 22, 27, 30, 41, 46), Sabine Minninger www.oikoumene.org (p. 10, 20, 35, 39), Christoph Püschner (p. 7), Frank Schultze (p. 9, 50) ACT Alliance Layout Büro Schroeder, Hanover, Ecumenical Center Germany 150 Route de Ferney Printed by Spreedruck, Berlin 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Art. No. 129 700 510 Tel +41 22 791 6434 [email protected] Donations www.actalliance.org/ Brot für die Welt Bank für Kirche und Diakonie The Lutheran World Federation IBAN: DE10 1006 1006 0500 5005 00 Ecumenical Center BIC: GENODED1KDB 150 Route de Ferney P.O. Box 2100 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Berlin, November 2018 [email protected] www.lutheranworld.org Content Preface ................................................................ 4 Executive Summary .................................................... 5 Introduction ........................................................... 6 1. A comparison of the projected climate change and hazards associated with a 1.5°C or 2°C scenario .............................................. 8 Hot-spots of climate change in developing countries ........................ 13 Leave no one behind ‒ Possible impacts on the achievement of selected SDGs .. 15 The possible impacts of climate change on the fulfilment of human rights ..... 22 Possible humanitarian challenges ........................................ 25 Equity and climate justice in the context of a 1.5°C world .................... 26 2. Talanoa: climate change impacts, future challenges and possible solutions for the communities most vulnerable to climate change .................... 27 The story of Ethiopia. A drought-prone Least Developed Country on the Horn of Africa ................................................... 27 The story of Tuvalu. A low-lying Small Island Developing State in the South Pacific .................................................... 32 3. Policy options in support of 1.5°C-consistent pathways .................... 40 Mitigation options ..................................................... 40 Possible adaptation measures ............................................ 43 Climate risk transfer options aimed at addressing climate-induced loss and damage ........................................................... 45 The options available for humanitarian responses .......................... 47 Policy options for 1.5°C-consistent pathways proposed by the Climate Vulnerable Forum .............................................. 47 Germany’s policy options to support 1.5°C-consistent pathways .............. 49 Our concluding policy recommendations ................................ 52 Abbreviations and glossary ............................................. 53 Bibliography .......................................................... 56 Preface Dear Readers, The recent Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C by If we fail to address climate change and to increase the the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) efforts to protect the affected communities now, we will confirms what many of our partner organizations and bear the incalculable risks to future generations. In oth- members in the Global South have been saying all along: er words, if we significantly increase our ambition and climate change, its related hazards including extreme efforts towards the protection of the poorest and most weather events and slow onset events pose a major threat vulnerable to climate change, we will be taking steps to- to the existence of the poor and vulnerable communities. wards ensuring that the rest of the world and the future Every tenth of a degree Celsius temperature rise matters generations are protected. to them and has profound impact on their lives and live- lihoods. The publication discusses the various vulnerability aspects of climate change and the significant differences This publication highlights the importance of lim- between 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming, and the resul- iting global warming at 1.5°C degrees instead of 2°C de- tant impacts on sustainable development as elaborated grees. It outlines that the world cannot afford to lose time, in the Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development but rather pursue all sustainable and human rights-based Goals (SDGs). efforts to stay at 1.5°C degree. In addition, this publica- tion highlights the day to day challenges and vulnerabil- The conclusion is that every tenth of a degree mat- ities that communities and partners in the Global South ters. With recommendations presented in this publica- face in the wake of climate change. tion, we hope to give guidance to policy makers to ensure that no one will be left behind in the climate crises. The As the world’s top climate change scientists issue publication concludes with the urgency for ambitious cli- another wake-up call in the IPCC Special Report Global mate action, without which the situation will only dete- Warming of 1.5°C, we reiterate our call for fast and coor- riorate. dinated action to combat climate change and its impacts. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C is a humanitarian As faith-based organizations we are very concerned and ethical imperative, and we affirm that financially, that marginalized, vulnerable, and poor people are af- technologically and politically sound solutions are pos- fected by climate change impacts that are increasingly sible. exposing them to emergencies and humanitarian crises. Rev. Dr. h. c. Cornelia Füllkrug-Weitzel Rev. Dr. Olav Fykse Tveit President, Bread for the World General Sectretary, World Council of Churches Rudelmar Bueno de Faria Rev. Dr. Martin Junge General Secretary, ACT Alliance General Sectretary, The Lutheran World Federation 4 Limiting Global Warming to 1.5°C Executive Summary Executive Summary The world is at crossroads. Awareness is growing rap- responses. We compare these benchmarks with the pol- idly that overshooting the aspirational goal of the Paris icies promoted by the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) Agreement (PA) to limit global warming to 1.5°C would and the German government and consider the CVF’s vi- severely jeopardise the achievement of the SDGs, mak- sion as the most mature political pledge for climate and ing the poor poorer, and causing increasing inequalities, sustainable development action in the context of limiting conflicts and humanitarian catastrophes. warming to 1.5°C. In contrast, the policies drawn up by Climate action and sustainable development are in- the German government are at a crossroads: although separable. The IPCC Special Report Global Warming of they are currently lacking, by implementing the ten 1.5°C (SR15) was the first to systematically examine the measures that we propose, the government still has the links between different scenarios of global warming and ability to ensure its policy conforms to 1.5°C-consistent sustainable development. It was the first to identify cli- pathways. mate risks that can only be avoided by ambitious climate Placing the world on a 1.5°C pathway is possible. If action, and the tremendous socio-economic opportuni- it is done the right way, such a world would be character- ties ‒ or co-benefits of sustainable development ‒ that ised by sustainable and equitable societies that operate can be realised by taking ambitious climate action. The within planetary boundaries. IPCC also discusses possible trade-offs between mitiga- Nevertheless, this would require precaution and mul- tion and adaptation on the one hand, and SDGs on the tilateral cooperation, the closure of knowledge gaps and other. Minimising these trade-offs requires knowledge building in-country capacities, equities and climate jus- gaps to be closed, particularly with regard to the foot- tice, the triple win of mitigation, adaptation and sustain- print associated with land-use change caused by follow- able development, de-coupling economic growth from ing 1.5°C-consistent pathways. Finally, in the report the GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, wide-ranging and fast IPCC stresses the importance of design triple-win solu- emissions reductions, minimising the land-use footprint tions based on mitigation, adaptation and sustainable of climate-related action, shifting investments, transfor- development. mational adaptation, and fair climate risk financing and Our report summarises the main facts and trends transfer. identified by the IPCC’s special report and other leading scientific literature. We focus on showing the key risks and the possible differences between a 1.5°C and a 2°C world. Moreover, we show where these differences would be felt the most, and how they may have an impact on the achievement of the SDGs and human rights, and translate into humanitarian challenges and concerns for justice. We identify