Confronting Antisemitism from the Perspectives of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism An End to Antisemitism! Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman Volume 2 Confronting Antisemitism from the Perspectives of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman ISBN 978-3-11-058242-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-067177-3 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067188-9 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Licence. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020911267 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, Lawrence H. Schiffman, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image: Illustration by Tayler Culligan (https://dribbble.com/taylerculligan). With friendly permission of Chicago Booth Review. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com TableofContents Preface and Acknowledgements IX Armin Lange and Kerstin Mayerhofer Introduction 1 I Confronting Ancient and Medieval Religious Traditions of Antisemitism KarinFinsterbusch Antisemitic Positions in Christian Holy Scriptures: The Idea of Israel’s Election and its Challenge for New Testament Authors and for their Readership 25 Adele Reinhartz “Children of the Devil”:John 8:44 and its Early Reception 43 Agnethe Siquans Anti-Jewish Polemic and Jewish Bible Interpretation: TwoExamples from Origen and Ephrem the Syrian 55 David Berger Scholarship and the Blood Libel: Past and Present 71 Reuven Firestone Is the Qur’an “Antisemitic”? 87 Amir Mazor The Position of the Jews in Egypt and Syria in the Late Middle Ages 109 VI TableofContents II Confronting Antisemitism in the Study of Holy Scriptures and Related Writings in the Modern Period BernardM.Levinson The Impact of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’sDiscoveryofthe “Original” Version of the TenCommandments upon Biblical Scholarship: The Myth of Jewish Particularism andGerman Universalism 123 Konrad Schmid The Interpretation of Second Temple Judaism as “Spätjudentum” in Christian Biblical Scholarship 141 Anders Gerdmar The National Socialist Bible: “Die Botschaft Gottes”:Theological Legitimation of Antisemitism 155 Russell E. Fuller Christian Antisemitism in BiblicalStudies: TwoExamples 185 Israel Shrenzel Against the Mainstream: Muhammad Abduh’sReading of Q1:7 and its Implications forCurrent Muslim-Jewish Relations 209 Eileen M. Schuller The Dead Sea Scrollsand Antisemitism: Past Results and Future Possibilities 223 III Confronting Antisemitic Traditions in Contemporary Christianity and Islam Wolfgang Treitler Antisemitism, Christianity,and the Churches in Europe 241 Petra Heldt Antisemitism and Protestant Churches: AQuest forReform 253 Yaakov Ariel American Christianity,Jews and Israel: Antisemitism and Faith 263 TableofContents VII Raimund Fastenbauer IslamicAntisemitism: Jews in the Qur’an, Reflections of European Antisemitism, Political Anti-Zionism: Common Codes and Differences 279 Meir Litvak Modern Antisemitism in Iran: Old Themes and New Trends 301 Nesya Rubinstein-Shemer “If the Scorpion Comes back,WewillWait foritwith aShoe”:Sheikh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī’sTheo-Political Response to Trump’sJerusalem Declaration 321 Editorial Board 335 List of Contributors 337 Acknowledgements 339 Prefaceand Acknowledgements Antisemitism, the “longest hatred,”¹ still flourishes in our societies. It is not re- stricted to extreme right-wing movements and social groups,but it also flourish- es in the political center and on the left.Political, religious, and laygroups alike continue atradition of discrimination against Jews, insults,and antisemitic hate crimes every day. Giventhis unacceptable reality,inFebruary 2018, approximate- ly one thousand scholars, activists, decision makers, and influencers met in Vienna at the conference “An End to Antisemitism!” The conference was jointly organized by the European JewishCongress,New York University,Tel Aviv Uni- versity, and the University of Vienna to study antisemitismwith an unprecedent- ed interdisciplinary breadth and historical depth. Over 150 presenters from all over the world engaged with all forms of antisemitism from avariety of perspec- tives. The present series, “An End to Antisemitism!,” documents the conference’s output and research resultsfrom various fields. Leadingexperts in Religious Studies, History,PoliticalStudies, Social Sciences, Philosophy, Psychology, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies shed light onto antisemitic traditions from all their respective viewpoints. Together, they help to shape adiscourse of under- standing,knowing,and recognizingvarious forms of antisemitism in order to confront and combat them. One of the aims of the conference “An End to Antisemitism!” was, therefore, to createconcrete policyrecommendations regarding how to effectively combat antisemitism. These have been collected and published in aseparate Catalogue of Policies,² adocument of practical impact.They also form one of the basesof the first volume of the present series.³ All subsequent volumes are addressed to an academic audience.They document the research leading to these policy rec- ommendations. The present volume is concerned with methodsofconfronting antisemitism in Christianity and Islam. As one of the pillars of cultural memory,religions have been contributing to and shapingimages of “the Jew” from ancientand pre- moderninto contemporary times. Fortunately, especiallysince the modern age, voices from inside these religions have been raised against these discrimi- R. S. Wistrich, Antisemitism:The Longest Hatred (London: Methuen, 1991). A. Lange,A.Muzicant, D. Porat,L.H.Schiffman, M. Weitzman, An End to Antisemitism! A Catalogue of Policies to Combat Antisemitism (Brussels:European Jewish Congress,2018). A. Lange,K.Mayerhofer,D.Porat,and L. H. Schiffman,eds., Comprehending and Confronting Antisemitism: AMulti-Faceted Approach,vol. 1ofAn End to Antisemitism! (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019). OpenAccess. ©2020, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110671773-001 X Prefaceand Acknowledgements natory images and age-old stereotypes that have served as justification for an- tisemitichate crimes over and over again. In modern Christianityand Islam, im- portant voices call for the tolerance, acceptance, and diversity of identitiesand opinions. The present volume not onlyresponds to these calls but can also help strengthen the continuous effort to combat and eradicate antisemitism in both religions. Unfortunately, as with most collective volumes,the present one does not document all the lectures in the field of Religious Studies that weredelivered at the conferenceinFebruary 2018. Not all colleagues wereabletocontribute due to amultitude of other obligations. However,the volume also includes some contributions from an earlier conference focusing on antisemitismin Islam.The conference “Islam and Antisemitism” wasorganized jointlybythe UniversityofVienna and TelAvivUniversity and held in Vienna, November 2016.Weare grateful for the willingness of the participants in this conference to share their research results for publication in this volume. The present volume consists of three parts. The first confronts Ancient and Medieval Religious Traditions of Antisemitism. The second part sheds light on An- tisemitism in the Study of Holy Scriptures andRelated Writings in the Modern Pe- riod. The third and final part confronts Antisemitic Traditions in Contemporary Christianity and Islam. The articles within the threesections follow achronolog- ical order with regardtothe time period with which they are concerned. Adiffer- ent sequence of articles was chosen whenever necessary to servethe overarching theme of the volume and its audience with regard to readability and accessibility. Ageneral introduction to the volume tries to establish the notion of antisemitism as religion per se, as an integralcomponent of self-definition for every religious and social group. Aproject like this volume, and the whole series, surelycannot be completed without the assistance of other individuals.Therefore, we would liketoexpress our deepest gratitude to alist of people who have supported us in shapingthis volume and bringing it to life. First,wewould like to give awordofthanks to all our colleagues who have contributed to the present volume. Their research documents avastinterdiscipli- narity of fieldswhich makes not onlythe present volume but the completeseries “An End to Antisemitism!” an unparalleledpublication. We are grateful to De Gruyter Publishers for accepting our five-volume series of conference proceedingsfor publication. The support that Albrecht Döhnert, Sophie Wagenhofer,and Alice Merozgaveusinpreparingthese mammothpro- ceedings for publication has been exemplary.The same gratitude is due to Anna Cwikla. As with volume one, she has made an enormous effort in proof-reading, copyediting,and English stylizing. Her work was particularlyimportant in terms Preface and Acknowledgements XI of correct translations of professional terminologyinthe studyofthe three monotheistic religions. The other editors are especiallygrateful to Kerstin