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ISSN (print): 2522-7467 ISSN (online): 2522-7475 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested Climate and Disaster Resilient Transport in Small Island Developing States: A Call for Action 2017 4 Climate and Disaster Resilient Transport in Small Island Developing States: A Call for Action Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................................................4 Acronyms ..........................................................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................................................8 Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................................................9 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................16 PART I. CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT TRANSPORT IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: A CALL FOR ACTION .......................................................................................................................................................19 Chapter 1. Unique Vulnerability of Small Island Developing States to Natural Disasters and Climate Change Impacts ........................................................................................................19 1.1 High Exposure to Natural Hazards .....................................................................................................................21 1.2 Losses in Transport Assets and Well-being .........................................................................................................23 1.3 Compounding Effect of Low Socio-economic Resilience in SIDS ........................................................................25 Chapter 2. Range of Policies and Measures to Enhance Resilience ........................................................................31 2.1 Measures to Reduce Asset Losses ........................................................................................................................33 2.2 Measures to Reduce Losses in Income and Well-being ......................................................................................39 2.3 Well-being Benefits of Resilient Transport Policies .............................................................................................39 Chapter 3. Toward Disaster and Climate Resilient Transport Systems ..................................................................42 3.1 The Status of Transport Asset Management in SIDS ..........................................................................................43 3.2 Integrating Climate Change Uncertainty in Transport Asset Management .......................................................46 3.3 Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk Considerations in Transport Infrastructure Lifecycle ..........................47 Chapter 4. Scaling Up Resilient Transport Systems in SIDS ......................................................................................64 4.1 A Path Forward ....................................................................................................................................................66 PART II. CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................................................................................71 Resilient Transport Innovations in Small Island Developing States ........................................................................71 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................72 Systems Planning: Case Studies in Samoa and Mozambique ............................................................................73 Engineering and Design: Case Studies in Kiribati and Tuvalu, Coral Atolls, and Sri Lanka .............................82 Operations and Maintenance: Case Studies in Dominica, St. Lucia, Belize, Vietnam, and São Tomé and Príncipe ...................................................................................................................92 Contingency Programming: Case Study on the use of CERC in the Caribbean and Case Study in Tonga ..111 Integrated Approach across Lifecycle Components: Case Studies in Tuvalu and Colombia ........................119 References ....................................................................................................................................................................127 Climate and Disaster Resilient Transport in Small Island Developing States: A Call for Action 5 Acronyms AMS Asset Management System CCRIF Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility CERC Contingency Emergency Response Component CMB Concrete masonry block COP23 23rd Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC CRRS Climate Resilient Road Strategy CVA Climate Vulnerability Assessment GDP Gross Domestic Product GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GHG Greenhouse Gases GIS Geographic Information Systems GP SURR Social, Urban, Rural, Resilience Global Practice GRS Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil GSC Geosynthetic Container HDPE High-density polyethylene ICT Information and Communication Technologies IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MoI Ministry of Infrastructure MoPWP Ministry of Public Works and Ports NDC Nationally Determined Contribution O&M Operation and Maintenance PAIP Pacific Aviation Investment Project PCRAFI Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative PDOT Provincial Department of Transport PIC Pacific Island Countries PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRIF Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility RRM Routine Road Maintenance RTP3 Third Rural Transport Project SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines T&I GP Transport and ICT Global Practice TAM Transport Asset Management TvAIP Tuvalu Aviation Investment Project UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VA Vulnerability Assessment 6 Climate and Disaster Resilient Transport in Small Island Developing