A GENERIC REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD DICTYOPHARINAE (HEMIPTERA: DICTYOPHARIDAE) by Leo R. Donovall, III A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology Fall 2008 Copyright 2008 Leo R. Donovall, III All Rights Reserved 1460102 1460102 2009 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD DICTYOPHARINAE (HEMIPTERA: DICTYOPHARIDAE) by Leo R. Donovall, III Approved: __________________________________________________________ Charles R. Bartlett, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas Tallamy, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology Approved: __________________________________________________________ Robin Morgan, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Approved: __________________________________________________________ Debra Hess Norris, M.S. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank: Charles Bartlett, Jason Cryan, Doug Tallamy and Cliff Kiel for their guidance in serving on my thesis committee; Anthony Gonzon, Lois O’Brien, Julie Urban and Lou Dietz for all of their assistance collecting and sending specimens, locating references and listening to and commenting on the ideas that lead to this work; the various collections managers that loaned specimens; Bob Brown for helping with the many troublespots in translating the German descriptions; and, most importantly, my wife, Sara, and our family and friends for all of their patience and support through the long hours involved in researching and writing this thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 1.1 General Introduction..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Family Features ............................................................................................ 4 1.3 Taxonomic History....................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................... 10 2.1 Specimens Examined.................................................................................. 10 2.2 Species Synonymy List .............................................................................. 14 2.3 Morphological Overview............................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 3: GENERIC DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................ 24 3.1 Key to the New World Dictyopharinae...................................................... 24 3.2 Descriptions of Tribes and Genera of New World Dictyopharinae ........... 32 3.2.1 Tribe Cladodipterini .......................................................................... 32 Genus Cladodiptera.............................................................................. 34 Genus Diacira ...................................................................................... 42 Genus Protachilus ................................................................................ 48 3.2.2 Tribe Igavini ...................................................................................... 55 Genus Igava ......................................................................................... 56 Genus Dictyopharoides ....................................................................... 62 Genus Hydriena ................................................................................... 68 Genus Neomiasa .................................................................................. 73 Genus Paramisia ................................................................................. 75 Genus Toropa ...................................................................................... 81 Genus Trigava ..................................................................................... 87 3.2.3 Tribe Lappidini.................................................................................. 92 Genus Lappida ..................................................................................... 94 Genus Paralappida ............................................................................ 102 3.2.4 Tribe Nersiini................................................................................... 108 Genus Nersia ..................................................................................... 110 Genus Megadictya ............................................................................. 120 Genus Melicharoptera ....................................................................... 122 Genus Plegmatoptera ........................................................................ 128 Genus Pteroplegma ........................................................................... 138 Genus Retiala .................................................................................... 145 iv Genus Trimedia ................................................................................. 150 3.2.5 Tribe Rhynchomitrini ...................................................................... 155 Genus Rhynchomitra ......................................................................... 156 Genus Digitocrista ............................................................................. 166 Genus Dorimargus ............................................................................ 171 Genus Eudictya .................................................................................. 177 Genus Hyalodictyon .......................................................................... 182 Genus Mitrops ................................................................................... 189 Genus Parahasta ............................................................................... 195 Genus Pharodictyon .......................................................................... 198 Genus Taractellus .............................................................................. 203 3.2.6 Tribe Scoloptini............................................................................... 209 Genus Scolops ................................................................................... 211 Genus Brachytaosa ............................................................................ 239 Genus Phylloscelis ............................................................................. 244 Genus Sicorisia .................................................................................. 255 3.2.7 Tribe Sicorini................................................................................... 260 Genus Sicoris ..................................................................................... 261 3.2.8 Tribe Taosini ................................................................................... 266 Genus Taosa ...................................................................................... 268 3.3 Notes on Excluded Neotropical Taxa....................................................... 274 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 278 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 284 APPENDIX 1: CHECKLIST OF THE DICTYOPHARIDAE OF THE WORLD.... 301 APPENDIX 2: HOST PLANT USE BY DICTYOPHARIDAE................................ 387 APPENDIX 3: DISTRIBUTION MAPS OF NEW WORLD DICTYOPHARINAE..................................................................................... 393 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Published (i.e. current) tribal classification of the Dictyopharinae found in the New World (Emeljanov, 1983). ............................................ 8 Table 2. Number of specimens examined by collection........................................ 10 Table 3. Revised tribal classification of the Dictyopharinae found in the New World. ........................................................................................... 279 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Generalized dorsal, lateral and frontal habitus of the head and pronotum of Dictyopharidae................................................................. 17 Figure 2. Generalized dorsal habitus of Dictyopharidae. .................................... 19 Figure 3. Generalized forewing venation of Dictyopharidae. ............................. 21 Figure 4. Generalized ventral view of apex of hind leg of Dictyopharidae......... 23 Figure 5. Dorsal (d), lateral (l) and frontal (f) habitus of Cladodpitera limpida.................................................................................................. 35 Figure 6. Dorsal (d), lateral (l) and frontal (f) habitus of Diacira varia.............. 43 Figure 7. Dorsal (d), lateral (l) and frontal (f) habitus of Protachilus rex........... 49 Figure 8. Dorsal (d), lateral (l) and frontal (f) habitus of Igava callipepla. ........ 57 Figure 9. Dorsal (d), lateral (l) and frontal