ASSESSMENT OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SQUATTERS IN MWANZA CITY, TANZANIA THROUGH SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY APPROACH By Sakina Faru A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Vechta University April, 2018 i CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the Vechta University thesis titled, “Assessment of Prevention and Control of Squatters in Mwanza City, Tanzania through Social Responsibility Approach,” in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Vechta University. ………………………….. (Supervisor) Date: …………………… ………………………… ii DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Sakina Faru, declare that this is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. Signature………………………………………… This thesis is copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the Copyright Act of 1999 and other international and national enactments in that behalf, on intellectual property. It may not be produced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgment, without the written permission of the Director of Postgraduate Studies, on behalf of both the author and the Vechta University. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many individuals and institutions made this study possible through their material support and assistance. However, it is difficult to make an individual acknowledgement to all those, who in one way or another, facilitated accomplishment of this task. To all of them, I say, ‘thank you very much and remain blessed by the Almighty God.’ In addition, I give my deep thanks and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Corinna Onnen for supervising this work and for her guidance including constructive criticisms during analysis as well as write-up of this thesis that culminated to its successful completion. I greatly extend my sincere gratitude for assistance offered by all respondents in the study area including Mwanza City officials, municipal officials from departments of Land and Survey, Social Welfare, Planning, Public Relations including local governmet authority leaders at ward and street levels for their hard work and tolerance during data collection period. I am also grateful to all respondents at both study areas for sharing their experience, which made this study a reality. Institutionally, my deepest gratitude goes to Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT) and Vechta University for providing sponsorship for my studies and SAUT for granting study leave during my studies. Sincere thanks go to all co-workers at the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication for willingly accepting to take heavier workloads while I was on my study leave. In addition, special thanks should go to the Government and Local Government officials, in particular, those of Mwanza City Council for providing permission to conduct the study in their areas. Furthermore, I specifically convey my sincere gratitude to Dr. Charles Saanane for his innumerable pieces of advice and constructive ideas at diverse capacities that facilitated successful completion of this thesis. In pursuit of academics from the earliest phases to this highest academic level, I am greatly indebted to my lovely parents, Dr. and Mrs. Faru, my sibling and relatives for their help at diverse capacities as well as prayers including well wishes for my studies from very early phases of academics to this highest academic level. I only say, “May Almighty God bless all of you.” While several people assisted me for this study at diverse capacities, I declare that I am personally responsible for the final version of this thesis and its shortcomings. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my lovely parents, Dr. and Mrs. Faru, Master Hudson, Collins and my sibling. v LIST OF ACRONYMS ARIs Acute Respiratory Infections CSOs Civil Society Organizations ºC Degrees Celsius DANIDA Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) DAS District Administrative Secretary DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) FBOs Faith-Based Organizations HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ISEDEO Ibungilo Settlement Development Organization ISI Import Substitution Industrialization km² kilometre squares LAC Latin America and the Caribbean MDGs Millennium Development Goals MDEA Mkudi Development Association (MDEA) mm Millimetre(s) MWAUWASA Mwanza Urban Water and Sanitation Authority NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations RAS Regional Administrative Secretary SACCOS Savings and Cooperative Credit Societies SDP Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company TB Tuberculosis mycobacterium UDASEDA Ubungo Darajani Community Development Association UNEGM United Nations Expert Group Meeting UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UTI Urinary Tract Infections vi ABSTRACT This study assessed prevention and control of squatters in Nyamagana as well as Ilemela municipalities in Mwanza city, Tanzania through social responsibility approach. The major research question was, “How can social responsibility approach help to prevent and control the increase of squatters in Mwanza City?” Also, sub-research questions guided the study. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approaches through a case study strategy. The study involved 390 respondents that included municipal officials, local government leaders at grass root level, local residents, Civil Society Organizations, Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs). Purposive sampling procedure was employed to get Mwanza City Council officials as well as municipal officials and civil society organization leaders. Furthermore, convenience as well as snow ball and simple random sampling procedures were employed to get respondents from squatters. Interviews, questionnaire, focus group discussion and observation yielded primary data, while documentary review provided secondary data for this study. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis, while statistical analyses were employed for quantitative data that furnished summary presented in form of tables and histograms. Findings revealed that more females than males migrated to Mwanza city squatter areas. Moreover, results from this study disclosed that more youth aged between 18 and 35 years migrated as well as settled in squatter areas than those 55 and above years old. Results from this study further revealed that respondents for this study had varied education levels with a higher illiteracy level among female respondents than male respondents in the study area. Several pull factors that accounted for people to migrate from rural areas to Mwanza city in squatter settlements were disclosed. In addition, it was exposed that besides some initiatives already instituted, the government had future plans in dealing with squatter settlements in Mwanza city. Moreover, individuals and entities are participating minimally in curbing identified deviant behaviours in the study areas. For example, to some extent, an international NGO, Railway Children Africa in collaboration with local partners are dealing with rehabilitation of street children who mostly originate from squatter settlements. By employing Concentric Zone Theory, results from this study led the researcher postulate the following Mwanza city five concentric zones: the Central Business District (CBD); zone of transition between residential and commercial areas; a low-class residential area; a commuter zone; a middle and high-class residential area. Besides, results from this study paved the way for providing salient recommendations. Among such recommendations, the most important includes that accrued from analysis guided through Conceptual Framework whereby it is suggested that there is need for all persons, as individuals, civil society organizations that include Faith-Based Organizations together with the government machineries (central government, local government authorities including public entities), to control and prevent squatter settlements plus institute a fight to curb prevailing deviant behaviours in Mwanza city areas that include squatter settlements. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................... i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ........................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xviii LISTOF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xx CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................... 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS CONTEXT .....................................................................