KITAB AL-TANBIHAT BY QÄDI `IYÄD 'IBN MÜSA A CRITICAL STUDY AND ANNOTATION OF THE MARRIAGE CHAPTER SAIF AL-MARRI Submitted to University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wales, Lampeter 2000 Dedication To My Mother, My Dear Wife & Children. Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who have assistedme in the completion of this thesis, especially my academic supervisor Dr. Mawil Izzi Dien and the department of Theology and Religious Studies and Islamic Studies at the University of Wales, Lampeter. Also the librarians at Lampeter; the Inter- Library Loan; the librarians at SOAS, London; the British Library; the librarians at the University of Imam Muhammad 'Ibn Saud, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; The King Fahd Library, Riyadh, and the librarians at the Juma al-Majid Centre for the Revival of Islamic Culture, in Dubai, U. A. E. Last but not least, I will not forget Mr. Dhahi Khalfan Tamim, Commander of Dubai Police Force for offering me the scholarship to do this research. 2 Abstract This thesis attempts a commentary and critical study of the kitäb al-Tanbihät of Qadi `Iyäd 'Ibn Müsä, with an annotation therein, under the two subjects of Divorce (via '11a)and Mutual Imprecation (1i `än). A personal biography of `Iyäd is provided in chapter one, covering his education and his intellectual and religious influences. Chapter two provides an economic, political and religious overview of the period during which `Iyäd was active, as a means of placing his work in a historical context. Chapter three offers a critical study of the Tanbihät, defining its content and style, and a commenting on its formative influences, in particular with regard to the Mudawwanah of Sahnün, which the Tanbihat seeks to abridge, as well as listing the commentaries this work has spurned. Chapter four discussesthe methodology employed by `Iyäd in the Tanblha4 as illustrated by a number of examples. Chapter five deals with the sources invoked by `Iyäd for the Tanbihat, and chapter six discusses the nature of the frgh terminology employed therein. Chapter seven and eight offers translations of the `i1ä' and 11`än chapters by way of illustrating style and methodology employed in the Tanblhät. We conclude with a bibliography and relevant appendices. 3 Table of Contents Dedication 1 .................................................................................... Acknowledgement 2 .......................................................................... Abstract 3 ....................................................................................... Transliteration 8 Method of .................................................................. Introduction 9 ................................................................................. One Author's Life 20 Chapter : .............................................................. 1.1 The Author 20 ............................................................................. 1.2 His Shaykhs 27 ........................................................................... 1.2.1 'Abü `Ali 27 al-Sadafi........................................................ 1.2.2 `Abd 'Ibn `Attäb 31 a1-Rahmän ............................................. 1.2.3 'Ibn Rushd 33 .................................................................. 1.2.4 'Abu Bakr 'Ibn Al-`Arabi 34 ................................................ 1.2.5 Muhammad 'Ibn `Isä Al-Tamimi 37 ....................................... 1.2.6 Al-Ghassdni 39 ................................................................. 1.3 The Students `Iyäd 42 of ................................................................. 1.3.1 'Ahmad 'Ibn `Abd 'Ibn Madda' 42 al-Rahman ........................... 1.3.2 `Abd Al-Rahmän 'Ibn Al-Qasir Al-Gharnäti 43 ........................... 1.3.3 Khalaf 'Ibn Bashkuwäl 44 ................................................... 1.3.4 'Ahmad 'Ibn `Abd Al-Rahmän 'Ibn Al-Sagr Al-'Ansäri Al- Khazraji 45 ..................................................................... 4 1.4 The Author's Books Tanbihät 47 other than the ..................................... 1.4.1 The Printed Books 47 ......................................................... 1.4.2 The Manuscript Books 47 ................................................... 1.4.3 The Missing Books 47 ........................................................ 1.5 The Book Tanbibit 49 of the ........................................................... 1.5.1 Introduction the Tanbibit 49 to ............................................. 1.5.2 Qadi `Iyäd Tanbibit 50 and the ............................................. 1.5.3 The Importance Tanbibit 53 of the ......................................... 1.5.4 The Manuscripts of the Tanblhät. Description of the Manuscripts: 54 their state, size and place of storage.................................... 1.5.5 Methodology adopted in the verification of the Tanbib t Manuscripts 57 ................................................................ Two Historical Overview 61 Chapter :A ................................................... Introduction. 61 2.1 ........................................................................... 2.2 Consolidation Almoravids 66 of the .................................................... Decline Almoravids / Their Achievement 80 2.3 of the .................................. Three Study Tanbihät 91 Chapter : of the ................................................... 3.1 Definition The Mudawwanah 91 of .................................................... 3.2 Designation The Mudawwanah 94 of .................................................. 3.3 Works The Mudawwanah the Tanbihät 97 on prior to .............................. 3.4 The Chain Authenticity for `Iyäd in The Muda 102 of wwanah.................... 3.4.1 Narrations from The Muda 102 wwanah.................................... 3.4.2 Transmission Narratives in the Mudawwanah 104 of the ............... 3.5 The Importance Mudawwanah its Commentaries 107 of the and .................. 3.6 The Importance Fine Points (Nukat) in Field Frgh 109 of the of ................... 3.7 The Importance Furüq (Distinctions) in Field Figh 109 of the of .................. 3.8 FurügIn Figh 112 ........................................................................ 5 Chapter Four : The Author's Methodology in His Book the Tanblhat.......... 116 4.1 General View . ....................................................................... 116 4.2 Controversy: The Issue Controversy 118 of .......................................... 4.3 The Opinions the Mälikite Fugaha' 130 of ........................................... 4.4 Points Agreement of ................................................................ 131 4.5 Narratives the Malikites of ......................................................... 136 4.5.1 Hadith Terminology 137 ...................................................... 4.5.2 The 'Andalusian and Qarawiyyln Narratives in the Mudawwanah. ............................................................................. 138 4.5.3 Narrative related on the authority of Malik and 'Ibn al-Qäsim.... 141 4.5.4 Narrations in the Muda wwanah not covered by `Iyäd in the Tanbihät. ............................................................................. 143 4.5.5 The in the Mudawwanah by `Iyäd 143 narrations covered ................ 4.6 Critical in Mälikite Opinion comment .............................................. 144 4.7 FundamentalFlgh (Qawä`rdFighiyyah) Issueswhich `Iyäd covered in the Tanbihät . .................................................................................. 148 4.8 The Indexation Scholars of ........................................................... 152 4.9 Qädi `Iyäd: His Juridical Endeavour, His Deductions, His Preferences. 159 ... 4.9.1 `Iyäd's debate Mälik 159 with .................................................. 4.9.1.1 The Question Purity (Tahärah) 160 of ............................... 4.9.1.2 The Question Prayer (Salat) 161 of ................................... 4.9.1.3 The Question Funerals (Jinäzah) 163 of ............................ 4.9.1.4 The &L M Jinäzah al .............................................. 164 4.9.1.5 Marriage 167 . ............................................................ Chapter Five The Author's Sources for His Book Tanbfhät 169 : the .................. 5.1 A Summary of Mälikite Figh Sources in the Tanbihät.......................... 170 5.2 Commentary `Iyäd's Sources 178 on .................................................... 5.3 A Study (19) Sources 179 of .............................................................. 6 Chapter Six The Author's Terminology in Tanbihät 199 : the ............................ 6.1 1'qh terminology in Tanbihät. 199 the .................................................. 6.1.1 Definition Flgh Terminology in the Tanblhät 199 of .......................... 6.2 Juridical Inference (`Iyäd's Method Deduction in The Tanbihat) 216 of ........ 6.2.1 Sourcesderived from Qur'än 216 the .............................................. 6.2.2 SourcesDerived from Hadith 220 .................................................. 6.2.3 Evidence Gleaned From the Works of the Mälikite `Ulamä ........... 221 6.2.4 Deduction from `Iyäd's Shayykhs 223 .............................................. Chapter Seven :A Brief Translation of the 'Il 'Chapter from the Tanbihät.... 226 Chapter Eight :A Brief Translation of the Li `anChapter from the Tanbihät... 239 Conclusion 251 .....................................................................................