--. --. PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTHSYMPOSIUM ON THE NATURAL mSTORY OF LOWER TENNESSEE AND CUMBERLAND RIVER VALLEYS ..... HELD AT BRANDON SPRING GROUP CAMP LAND BETWEEN THE LAKES MARCH 19 AND 20, 1999 - Sponsored by: The Center for Field Biology Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee --. and Center for Reservoir Research Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky and Tennessee Valley Authority - Land Between The Lakes Golden Pond, Kentucky ******* EDITED BY: Steven W. Hamilton!, Edward W. Chester!, David S. White2and Mack T. Finley! !The Center of Field Biology 2Center for Reservoir Research Published by and available from: - The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044 Price: $5.00 SUGGESTED CITATION S.W. Hamilton, D. S. White, E. W. Chester and M. T. Finley. 1999. Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on the Natural History of Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. Published December, 1999 ...... PREFACE The EighthSymposium on the Natural History ofLower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys was held at Brandon Spring Group Camp in TVA's Land Between The Lakes on March 19 and 20, 1999. This biennial gathering of naturalists and field biologists was sponsored by the Center for Field Biology at Austin Peay State University, the Center for Reservoir Research at Murray State University, and Land Between The Lakes. The symposium began Friday afternoon with welcoming comments from representatives ofsponsoring institutions. Dr. Benjamin P. Stone, Director of the Center for Field Biology at Austin Peay State University, welcomed all participants. Additional comments were offered by Dr. David S. White, Director of the Hancock Biological Station at Murray State University. There were three invited speakers that presented papers addressing the Symposium theme of "Habitat Restoration." The first speaker, Dr. Marjorie M. Holland, Biology Professor and Director of the University of Mississippi's FieldStation at Oxford, Mississippi. Her presentations stressed the progress being made regarding wetlands protection and restoration throughout the mid-south. Excessive erosion and land development have seriously damaged extensive acreages of premium aquatic habitats and watersheds in the Mississippi area. Dr. Kenneth W. Cummins from the South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, Florida, present an impressive overview of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project in the south Florida Everglades. He discussed the goals and objectives of restoring naturalflow regime of natural stream channels ofthe Kissimmee River watersh~d. The final presentation Friday evening was given by Dr. William H. Martin, Professor of Biology at Eastern Kentucky University at Richmond, Kentucky. Dr. Martin discussed issues, values, and management needs required to preserve and enhance biodiversity in Kentucky's forests and other natural areas throughout the southeastern United States. He emphasized that preservation and protection were more practical and economically feasible when compared to restoration. Three sessions of contributed papers were presented Saturday morning. Session I included 12 papers covering subjects concerning Aquatic Biology and Water Quality. This session was moderated by Dr. Steven Hamilton, APSU. Session II was moderated by Dr. Floyd Scott, APSU, and included 12 papers in the area of Zoology. Moderating the 16 papers in Session III in Botany, was Dr. Edward W. Chester, APSU. All contributors were invited to publish an abstract, short communication, or full manuscript in the 1999 proceedings. A total of 127 individuals representing 27 institutions registered at this symposium. The style and format of these proceedings follow that established in previous proceedings of these symposia. Drs. White, Hamilton, and Finley organized and edited the Invited Papers; Dr. Hamilton edited abstracts and papers from Sessions I and II; and Dr. Chester edited abstracts and papers from Session III. Drs. Hamilton and Chester brought all these papers together into the final format. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editors thank Ms. Marilyn Griffy for her assistance in organizing and coordinating activities leading up to and throughout the symposium. We also recognize the participation of many APSU Center for Field Biology undergraduate and graduate research assistants for their help before and during this biennial event. Many abstracts and manuscripts were typed and corrected by Ms. Griffy, who also saw to many details of the proceedings organization. Ms. Laurina Lyle provided assistance with the proceedings cover and photographs. The help of these individuals and others forgotten was critical to the success of this symposium and completion of these proceedings. All complete manuscripts were reviewed fully. We appreciate the comments of all reviewers as this process greatly enhances the quality of these proceedings. While we (the editors) would wish this publication to be error free, most likely it is not and for this we assume responsibility. ii SYMPOSIUM REGISTRANTS Following, in alphabetical order, is a list of those individuals who registered at the 1999 symposium. Institutional affiliation (when available), city (of the person's institution or home), and state are also given. Christopher Adams, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Bill Atkinson, Hopkinsville Community College, Hopkinsville, KY; Kimberly Augenfeld, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN; Heather Bagwell, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Claude Bailey, TN Division of Natural Heritage, Harborsonville, TN; Lisa Baker, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Carol Baskauf, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Carol Baskin, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Jerry Baskin, University of Kentucky, Lixington, KY; Jennifer Bottom, Murray State University, Murray, KY; - Tim Brown, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Jocelyn Bryant, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Willliam Bryant, Thomas More College, Crestview Hills, KY; Angelo Bufalino, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Pam Bufalino, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Ray Burkett, Shelby State Community College, Memphis, TN; Willodean Burton, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; John Butler, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Edward Chester, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Kevin Claridge, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN; Ron Clark, Kentucky Wesleyan College, Calhoun, KY; Georgina Coffey, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Chad Colburn, Murray State University, Murray, KY; Cheryl Crossett, Union University, Jackson, TN; Kenneth Cummins, South FloridaWaterManagementDistrict, West PalmBeach, FL; Don Dailey, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Hal DeSelm, UT-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN; Wayne Drda, Herpetological Investigations, St. Louis, MO; Agnes Ellis, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; William Ellis, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Craig Emerson, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Mack Finley, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Kevin Fitch, ACS Conservation, Arnold AFB, TN; Alex Flynt, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Raymond Folsom, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Tom Forsythe, TVA, Abingdon, MO; James Fralish, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; Scott Franklin, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN; Daniel French, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Claire Fuller, Murray State University, Murray, KY; Steven Glickauf, GA Dept. of Transportation, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Gonzalez, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Marilyn Griffy, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; AI Groeger, Murray State University, Murray, KY; Lidija Halda-Alija, Murray State University, Murray, KY; Steven Hamilton, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Kristie Harris, Murray State University, Murray, KY; Mark Hatfield, Murray State University, Murray, KY; Mark Hawkins, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Tracey Hawkins, University of Kentucky, Jackson, KY ; Michael Held, Thomas More College, Crestview Hills, KY; Susan Hendricks, Murray State University, - Murray, KY; Amy Higdon, Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, KY; Timothy Hillard, Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, KY; Siti Nur Hidayati, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Jennifer Hoffman, TDA, Nashville, TN; Marjorie Holland, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS; Heather Hollis, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Bob Holderby, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Rebecca Houtman, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Robert Hoyt, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY; Donna Hudgins, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; James Huggins, Union University, Jackson, TN; Teresa Keyes, Murray State University, Murray, KY; Rob Kingsolver, Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, KY; Nancy Kline, Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, KY; John Koons, Jackson State Community College, Jackson, TN; Jack Kovach, Muskingum College, New Concord, OH; John Lamb, ACS Conservation, Arnold Air Force Base, TN; Joann Lau, Bellarrnine College, Louisville, KY; Jeff Lebkeucher, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Xiaojie Li, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Laurina Lyle, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN; Clinton Major, TN Division of Natural Heritage,