The Journal of Scottish Name Studies Vol. 3 The Journal of Scottish Name Studies Vol. 3 edited by Simon Taylor Clann Tuirc 2009 The Journal of Scottish Name Studies3 (2009) edited by Simon Taylor First published in Scotland in 2009 by Clann Tuirc, Tigh a’ Mhaide, Ceann Drochaid, Perthshire FK17 8HT Printed in Wales by Gwasg Gomer, Llandysul ISSN 1747-7387 © text: the authors 2009 © book and cover design: Clann Tuirc 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this book can reproduced in any form, or by any means, known or otherwise, without the prior consent of the pubisher. The Journal of Scottish Name Studies JSNS is a peer-reviewed journal that exists to publish articles and reviews on place and personal names relating to Scotland, her history and languages. JSNS is published with the endorsement of The Scottish Place-Name Society, for whose members a discount is available – the Society web site is <http://www.spns.org.uk/>. Editor Reviews Editor Dr Simon Taylor Gilbert Márkus Editorial Advisory Board Professor Dauvit Broun Dr Rachel Butter Professor Thomas Clancy Dr Richard Cox Mr Ian Fraser Dr Jacob King Mr Gilbert Márkus Professor W. F. H. Nicolaisen Professor Colm Ó Baoill Dr Maggie Scott Mr David Sellar Dr Doreen Waugh Subscriptions Visit <http://www.clanntuirc.co.uk/JSNS.html>, or contact the publisher by e-mail at fios@ clanntuirc.co.uk, or by post at the above address. Contributions Prospective contributors to the Journal should refer to the Notes for Contributors, available from the publisher and at <http://www.clanntuirc.co.uk/JSNS/notes_for_contributors.html>. Contents ‘Charge of the Temporalitie of Kirk Landis’ and the parish of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire Robin Campbell 1 Towards a Taxonomy of Contact Onomastics: Norse Place-names in Scottish Gaelic Richard A.V. Cox 15 The Role of Onomastics in Historical Linguistics Carole Hough 29 Balinclog: a lost parish in Ayrshire Gilbert Márkus 47 Place-names of Lesmahagow Simon Taylor 65 Neglected Topographic Names: ness-names in Orkney and Shetland Doreen Waugh 107 Varia Alan G. James A Note on the Place-name Dreva, Stobo, Peeblesshire 121 Jacob King Haberberui: An Aberration? 127 Review Article Alan G. James Paul Cavill and George Broderick, Language Contact in the Place-Names of Britain and Ireland 135 Reviews Doreen Waugh Kristján Ahronson, Viking-Age Communities: Pap- Names and Papar in the Hebridean Islands 159 Robert McColl Millar O.J. Padel and David N. Parsons, A Commodity of Good Names: Essays in Honour of Margaret Gelling 162 Carole Hough Victor Watts, ed. Paul Cavill The Place-Names of County Durham Part One Stockton Ward 167 Notes on Contributors 170 ‘Charge of the Temporalitie of Kirk Landis’ and the parish of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire Robin Campbell Nedd, Drumbeg This paper introduces a little noticed late 16th-century place-name and local history resource. A large Exchequer compilation was completed towards the end of the century, in which may be found the names of thousands of tenements or land-holdings in areas where the church had owned land for its returns in produce or money. It relates to the ‘temporality’ of the Scottish church, which can be defined as rental income in money and kind from the tenants of church-lands, as opposed to the ‘spirituality’, which consisted mainly of teinds.1 Many of these lands had been feued or leased by the church around the time of the Reformation, i.e. the religious settlement marked by the enactments in 1560 of the Reformation Parliament. The evident purpose of the compilation was to produce a comprehensive record with up-to-date particulars of what was receivable by every church body or other benefice holder from their lands throughout Scotland. For that body or person was obliged to make over one third of those revenues to the crown, pursuant to the agreement hammered out at the Convention in 1561. These ‘thirds’, with the teinds, which were the subject of the ‘Books of Assumption of the Thirds of Benefices’ (see Assumption, Introduction), had been accepted as being the means by which the crown would fund the reformed ministry and the proposed plans for improvement of the nation’s education; but the process of assessment had been slow and halting. This major administrative record is found among the Exchequer documents held by the National Archives of Scotland. It comprises under the above title (reference NAS E49/2/1 and 2) two bound volumes of folios, readily accessible and neatly written. It is to be hoped that a printed transcription of the whole may become possible, as it is a valuable resource for those working in economic and social studies, and for those interested in local and family history, as well as in place-names. The entries in each volume are assembled sheriffdom by sheriffdom. The table below, derived from the volumes’ index pages, gives the starting 1 ‘Church-lands might be set feu; these being accounted but the temporality and the teinds the spirituality’; James Dalrymple, Viscount of Stair, The Institutions of the Law of Scotland ii viii §8 (1681) (cited in Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue under temporalité ). The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 3, 2009, 1–14 2 Robin Campbell North Side of the Forth South Side of the Forth [E49/2/2] [E49/2/1] Orkney and Zetland 1 Linlithgow 1 Inverness 18 Striviling 33 Ergile & Tarbet 85 Edinburgh principall 46 Aberdene 103 Edinburgh within the Banff 155 Constabularie of Hadingtoun 79 Elgin and Forress 185 Berwick 111 Bute 221 Selkirk 145 Cromartie 225 Roxburgh 149 Narne 231 Peblis 193 Perth 240 Renfrew 210 Forfar 325 Lanerk 217 [372–498 are missing] Air 273 Kincardin 499 Wigtoun 319 Clackmannane 518 Dumfries 347 Stewartrie of Stratherne 524 Within the Stewartrie of Annandaill 365 Within the Stewartrie of Kirkcudbricht 369 Dumbartane 414v folio number for each sheriffdom. Within the sheriffdoms the names are grouped under parishes, monastic holdings, parsonages etc. The wide extent of the church’s ‘temporality’, covering the whole of Scotland, should not surprise us given the amount of land which the church held before the Reformation for the sake of the yields from agricultural units,2 with here and there the sites of other economic activity from which produce or rental income could be expected in country areas, e.g. fishings and coal-extraction. Transcribed below, as illustrating the potential interest of the record, is the entire section dealing with the kirklands in a single sizeable parish, Lesmahagow.3 2 ‘The typical 16th-century Scot, if there was such a person, was not a townsman but a countryman, a tenant-farmer. If he was lucky enough to live in good agricultural country it was highly likely that he would be a church tenant’ (Sanderson 1982, 103). 3 This is found in E49/2/1 at fos 254r–255v. ‘Charge of the Temporalitie of Kirk Landis’ & the parish of Lesmahagow 3 The whole of this parish was once owned by the church, as granted North Side of the Forth in 1144 by David I to the abbey of Kelso. The relevant charter (David I [E49/2/2] Chrs. no. 130) states that the king had granted to his foundation of Kelso Orkney and Zetland 1 Abbey ‘the church of Lesmahagow and all Lesmahagow’ (ecclesiam de Inverness 18 Lesmahagu et totam Lesmahagu), that the church was to be a cell of Kelso, Ergile & Tarbet 85 and that the abbot and monks of Kelso were to establish there a prior and Aberdene 103 monks of their order.4 Banff 155 After acquiring the land in the 12th century the Abbey feued certain Elgin and Forress 185 lands to vassals, who did not occupy the individual farms and were largely Bute 221 of Flemish origin.5 There was another period in the 16th century when Cromartie 225 feu-fermes were granted to non-resident occupiers, in particular the Narne 231 House of Hamilton6 from 1532. The rest of the parish’s farming land, Perth 240 once cultivated by or under the direction of lay brethren, became leased Forfar 325 for the most part to local farming tenant occupiers, particularly in the [372–498 are missing] central demesne area which was long to remain known as the Mains.7 As Kincardin 499 was happening with church lands elsewhere in Scotland,8 feu-ferme was Clackmannane 518 extended by charter to leading tenants who could afford the expenses Stewartrie of Stratherne 524 connected with such grants. This, encouraged by royal policy, gave the farmer heritable security. The church’s feu duty income might lessen with inflation but its coffers had an immediate boost by the premium or capital payment which was negotiated with the would-be feuar. A notable extension of feu-ferme by this abbey was the granting of feus on 31 4 This same charter records that the king ‘out of reverence for God and St Machutus’ (ob reverenciam Dei et Sancti Machuti) had granted the right of sanctuary to the church at Lesmahagow ‘within the four crosses which stand around it’ (infra quatuor cruces circumstantes). The existence of these crosses suggests that he was confirming an older sanctuary, rather than creating a new one. For more on these crosses, see Taylor, this volume. 5 For a good summary and analysis of the abbey’s strategy of granting land in feu- ferme to important local gentry (mainly Flemish in origin or descent) whose standing in the wider area was seen as potentially important to the abbey, see Smith 2008a and 2008b. This strategy was pursued to such an extent that ‘by 1203 only a fraction of the original royal grant was being exploited directly by the priory itself.