Introduction A Short History of Ethiopian–German Relations from Biblical Dreams to the Modern State Wolbert G.C. SMIDT Even if Ethiopia seems to be far from the daily life routine of Germans, It was probably this mixture of emotional and cultural proximity and still this country is known to surprisingly many Germans. Members distance, which attracted European visitors at different times. Ethiopia of the older generation often remember it as Abyssinia (the old name appears in medieval legends and narratives in different ways: There are of the Habesh highlands, or ‘Habyssinia’, as it used to be called) and already allusions to it in Wolfram’s Parzival; the story of a powerful often would be able to refer to Emperor Haylé Sellasé I, a popular fig- Oriental Christian ruler called ‘Prester John’ (often identified with the ure in Germany already at a quite early stage of his career. Some also Ethiopian rulers) was told the first time by a German chronicler, and remember that Haylé Sellasé I was the first head of state to pay West even the popular Biblical legend of the Three Holy Kings who adored Germany an official visit in 1954, thus unmistakably marking the end of its international isolation. Younger generation, however, are more likely to recall the famines that triggered responses from many German NGOs, and various notices of war. There are many chapters to the history of German–Ethiopian rela- tions. Some of them have already been recounted in other places, in numerous publications; others have thus far remained untold. It almost appears to be an inexhaustible subject matter. No matter what topic or which period of modern history and cultural history of Germany one touches on, some at least minor connections to Ethiopia can without fail be detected behind and within it – which makes it a pleasure for the researcher to dig. Why is that the case? It is not easy to answer this question. In a nutshell we could say that Ethiopia – and especially the Christian highlands – always seemed only just similar enough to Ger- many culturally, so that many familiar traditions, dreams, and projects of Europe could be discerned in it. On the other hand, the country was Fig. 1: The geographical concept of the world in the Old Testament, with at the same time remote enough that it appeared to constitute a radi- Ethiopia figuring prominently as a Biblical country (‘Mohrenland’ as cally different, an opposite world. It was thus spellbindingly exotic. it is called in the Lutheran Bible translation) Wolbert G.C. Smidt Jesus was linked to Ethiopia in some traditions, as one of the kings was believed to represent ‘Aethiopia’. More- over, despite the geographic distance across the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, or the Sudanese Nile route, Ethio- pia is one of the few non-Eu- ropean countries which had since the Middle Ages regu- larly been sending emissar- ies to Europe. Their purpose was the forging of alliances between the Christian kings of the world, and the recruit- 2 ment of European craftspeo- ple to Ethiopia. Initially, Fig. 3: The traditional Ethiopian scholar these relations were enter- aleqa Tayyé as Amharic language lec- tained chiefly with southern turer at Berlin University (1905–08) European kingdoms, such as Spain, Portugal, and some Italian areas, but as early as the seventeenth century there were direct links with Germans as well. This came about in the following way: In the sixteenth century, schol- ars of the reformation began to take an interest in Ethiopia. There was little information, but it was known that an old Semitic language was be- ing spoken in the country and that it was part of the oldest Christian are- as of the world. A German , Potken, had an Ethiopian Geʿez manuscript printed in the sixteenth century, and orientalists engaged with Geʿez alongside Hebrew and Arabic. The reason for this involvement was the hope to have rediscovered in Geʿez an old biblical language: the language of Chaldean, which the Bible sees as one of the most ancient languages, Fig. 2: Example from the iconographic tradition depicting one of and for which Orientalists of that time had been looking everywhere. the Three Holy Kings as a black African, who was associ- Linked to it was the assumption that the wisdom of the biblical forefa- ated in tradition with Ethiopia, around 1515/20, Suabia thers since Adam may have been preserved in Chaldean. In addition, the Introduction 3 Fig. 4: Map of Ethiopia and its neighbors by Hiob Ludolf, with an Ethiopian inscription, based on the information given by Abba Gorgoryos and on the published information of Tellez, drawn by Christian Ludolf and published in Amsterdam 1683 Wolbert G.C. Smidt German reformation movement, which was primarily directed against tions, which reached the region already from the 1820s. The first were the supremacy of the pope and the ignorance of the Bible’s teachings the prominent natural scientists Ehrenberg and Hemprich in 1825 in among both priestry and the population, also took interest into Ethio- the coastal region of Massawa. Eduard Rüppell then carried out mete- pia, being another country, which did not recognize the pope. orological, zoological and ethnographical studies in 1830 to 1834. The Around the middle of the seventeenth century, the engagement with most remarkable chapter of research history of that time was certainly Ethiopia turned scientific: In 1652, the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg the one of the south German Wilhelm Schimper, who arrived in 1837 hosted the Ethiopian scholar Abba Gorgoryos from Mekane Sillasé in in Tigray and finally settled there. First he worked as a botanist, de- Amhara at Friedenstein Castle in Gotha, thus enabling him to work scribing numerous endemic plants the first time, but then decided to together with the young scholar Hiob Ludolf. Important and compre- enter into the services of the ruler of Tigray and Simén, dejjazmach hensive works on the ethnography, the language and the history of the Wubé. Schimper was nominated by him governor of Ïntïcc’o (called region originated here. They are marked by an astonishing degree of ‘Antitschau’ in German sources) and started an agricultural reform. He precision, and founded Ethiopian Studies as a scientific field. To be also authored important reports on Ethiopia, which give us insights into mentioned are especially Ludolf’s Historia Aethiopica of 1681 and his the culture and the political situation. He and his assistant, the painter pioneering works on Amharic and Geʿez. Eduard Zander, later entered into the services of atse Tewodros II. To- Ludolf was also an influential teacher. Among his most important gether with Schimper, he also built the palace and church of Deresge students were Johann Heinrich Michaelis in Halle, and Johann Michael Maryam in Simén for Wubé. Later, after Wubé’s defeat in 1855, Te- 4 Wansleben. The Duke funded a scientific expedition of the latter in wodros II held his coronation ceremony in this church. The Deutsche 1663, which, however, never reached Ethiopia – but he had at least been Afrika-Expedition of 1861–62, led by Theodor von Heuglin from Würt- quite successful in collecting Ethiopian manuscripts in Egypt (today temberg and the Swiss Werner Munzinger, was mainly carried out in kept in Italy and Paris). In another attempt the Duke, helped by Ludolf, Bogos in today’s Eritrea, in northern Ethiopia, Kunama and Sudanese tried to organize an alliance of Christian kingdoms, including Ethiopia, areas, and was followed by the publication of detailed ethnographic and against the Turks, who had invaded the neighbouring Austrian Empire. cartographic material in Gotha. Gotha thus again became a centre of re- But the idea of a political alliance came much too early. All attempts of search on Ethiopia. This was followed by an expedition led by the Duke establishing a direct contact through the help of Dutch seafarers stayed Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha himself, who arrived in the border- fruitless. Christian Ethiopia, however, had started to attract the pub- lands of Ethiopia, Mensa and Bogos, in spring 1862. His expedition was lic’s interest. In the context of a new philosophical-anthropological dis- accompanied by a painter, the bestseller author Gerstäcker, and scholars course in the 18th century, led by the anthropologist and philosopher such as Alfred Brehm, who published its scientific results. Immanuel Kant, Ludolf’s works were crucial for the preservation of Over time, Ethiopia has awakened the interest of very diverse groups a positive image of Ethiopia, in contrast to all other regions of Africa. within the German-speaking area – of philologists, linguists and cultur- Throughout the centuries that were to follow, Ethiopians visited Ger- al scientists (since the sixteenth century), pietistic missionaries (since many again and again – in the capacity of missionary students (since 1866), the 1830s), crafts people (who followed the missionaries), German of students (since 1877), travellers, workers, assistants of German scholars, emigrants and refugees of all kinds (as early as the 1840s, ranging from as university teachers (already since 1907), diplomats, émigrés (first after Jewish refugees to Nazi war criminals gone into hiding after World the Italian invasion of Ethiopia), and with rising frequency as merchants. War II), diplomats and emissaries (from 1862), geographers and archae- Of some special interest are the quite early German research expedi- ologists, the earliest specialists in the field of development cooperation Introduction (as early as around 1906), policy advisors (from around 1908), artists and writers (among them Karl May with a rather wild and implausible adventure tale from the Emirate of Harer), journalists of all political orientations, ranging from ultraconservative-monarchist to revolution- ary-communist, non-governmental organisations, and representatives of the official German political class and the development cooperation.