Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae Gyllenhal 1813 81 New World Cryptocephalini (Coleoptera: Chryso- vas (Col., Chrysomelidae). – Revista Agronomia Noro- melidae: Cryptocephalinae). – Zootaxa 676: 1 – 46. este Argentino (Tucum á n) 2: 25 – 77. Chamorro-Lacayo, M. L., Konstantinov, A. S. – (1958): Notes on Lamprosomatinae (Chryso.). – & Moseyko, A. G. (2006): Comparative morphol- Coleopterists Bulletin 12: 29 – 33. ogy of the female genitalia and some abdominal – (1959): Los generos de Chrysomelidae. – Opera Lil- structures of neotropical Cryptocephalini (Coleop- loana 3: 1 – 337. tera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). – Coleop- Reid, C. A. M. (1990): Systematics of the Australian terists Bulletin 60: 113 – 134. Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Crowson, R. A. (1967): The Natural Classifi cation PhD. thesis. Australian National University, Acton. of the Families of Coleoptera. 187 pp. Classey, – (1995): A cladistic analysis of subfamilial relation- Hampton. ships in the Chrysomelidae sensu lato (Chrysom- Duckett, C. N., Gillespie, J. J. & Kjer, K. M. (2004): eloidea). Pp. 559 – 631 in Pakaluk, J. & S´ lipi n´ ski, S. Relationships among the subfamilies of Chrysome- A. (eds.) Biology, Phylogeny and Classifi cation of Cole- lidae inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA optera: Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A and morphology, with special emphasis on the Crowson, Vol. II . Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, relationship among fl ea beetles and the Galeruci- Warszawa. nae. Pp. 3 – 18 in Jolivet, J. S.-B. P. & Schmitt, M. – (2000): Spilopyrinae Chapuis: a new subfamily in (eds.) New Contributions in Biology of the Chrysomel- the Chrysomelidae and its systematic placement idae. Kugler Publications, The Hague. (Coleoptera). – Invertebrate Taxonomy 14: 837 – 862. Erber, D. (1988): Biology of Camptostomata Schmitt, M. (1996): The phylogenetic system of the Clytr inae – Cryptocephalinae – Chlamisinae – Chrysomelidae - history of ideas and present state Lamprostomatinae. Pp. 513 – 552 in P. Jolivet, E. of knowledge. Pp. 57 – 96 in Jolivet, P. & Cox, M. L. Petitpierre & T. H. Hsiao (eds.) Biology of Chrysomeli- (eds.) Chrysomelidae Biology, Vol. 1: The Classifi cation, dae . Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Phylogeny and Genetics. SPB Academic Publishers, Farrell, B. D. (1998): “ Inordinate Fondness ” Amsterdam. explained: why are there so many beetles? – Science Sch ö ller, M. (2008): Comparative morphology of 281: 555 – 559. sclerites used by Camptosomatan leaf beetles for Fiebrig, K. (1910): Cassiden und Cryptocephaliden formation of the extrachorion (Chrysomelidae: Paraguays. Ihre Entwicklungsstadien und Schutz- Cryptocephalinae, Lamprosomatinae). Pp. 87 – 120 vorrichtungen. – Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik in Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. & Schmitt. M. (eds.) 12 Suppl.: 161 – 264. Research on Chrysomelidae . Brill, Leiden. Kasap, H. & Crowson, R. A. (1976): On systematic rela- Seeno, T. N. & Wilcox, J. A. (1982): Leaf beetle genera tions of Oomorphus concolor (Sturm) (Col., Chryso- (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). – Entomography 1: melidae), with descriptions of its larva and of an 1 – 221. aberrant Cryptocephaline larva from Australia. – Suzuki, K. (1996): Higher classifi cation of the family Journal of Natural History 10: 99 – 112. Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Pp. 3 – 54 in Jolivet, Kimoto, S. (1964): The Chrysomelidae of Japan and P. H. A. & Cox, M. L. (eds.) Chrysomelidae Biology: Ryukyu Islands. III. – Journal of the Faculty of Agricul- Classifi cation, Phylogeny and Genetics . SPB Academic ture, Kyushu University 14: 141 – 164. Publishers, Amsterdam. Lacordaire, T. (1848): Monographie des col é opt è res subpentameres de la famille des Phytophages II. M é moires de la Soci é t é Royale des Sciences de Li è ge 5: 890. Lee, C.-F. & Cheng, H.-T. (2007): The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I . 199 pp. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei. 2.7.5 Chrysomelidae: Lee, J. E. (1993): Phylogenetic studies on the larvae of the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from Japan. Cryptocephalinae – Japanese Journal of Entomology 61: 409 – 424. Gyllenhal 1813 Lee, J. E. & Morimoto, K. (1991): The egg and fi rst- instar larva of Oomorphoides cupreatus (Baly) from Maria Lourdes Chamorro Japan, with notes on the systematic position of Lamprosomatinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). – Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Distribution . Worldwide approximately 5300 35: 101 – 107. species are classifi ed in 127 genera in three Monr ó s, F. (1948): Descripci ó n de diez nuevas especies tribes. Fulcidacini (most commonly and until de “Lamprosoma ” neotropicales (Col., Chrysomeli- recently treated under the name Chlamisini ), dae). Acta Zool ó gica Lilloana 5: 81 – 95. Clytrini , and Cryptocephalini , with the high- – (1949): Descripci ó n de la metamorfosis de Lampro- est diversity occurring in the tropical and soma chorisiae Monr ó s y consideraci ó nes taxon ó mi- subtropical regions. Of the three tribes, Fulci- cas sobre Lamprosomatinae (Col., Chrysomelidae). dacini , the warty leaf beetles, is the least diverse – Acta Zool ó gica Lilloana 7: 449 – 466. with an estimated 500 species in 11 genera. – (1956): Revisi ó n gen é rica de Lamprosomatinae The only genus not present in the New World is con descripci ó n de algunos g é neros y especies nue- Hymetes Lacordaire (3 spp.) from Asia; four genera 82 Maria Lourdes Chamorro are endemic to the Neotropical region (Melittochla- tarsi hold and rotate each egg within a small fovea, mys Monr ó s, 13 spp.; Fulcidax Voet, 7 spp.; Kakita or depression, in abdominal ventrite 5. The pro- Chamorro & Konstantinov, 1 sp., and Carcinobaena cess of placing and arranging the shingles, or fecal Lacordaire, 1 sp.); three genera extend their range plates, around the egg to form the scatoshell may into the Nearctic region [Diplacaspis Jacobson, take approximately 20 – 30 minutes. Eggs resemble 6 spp.; Neochlamisus Karren, 17 spp.; Pseudochla- small seed pods. In the northern hemisph e105.] mys Lacordaire, 5 spp.] and three genera exhibit broader patterns of distribution into the Orien- Morphology, Adults (Fig. 2.7.5.1 A, I, L, M, N, tal, Australasian, Afrotropical and/or Palearctic Q, R, S). Length 0.8 mm – 10.0 mm, with the larg- regions [Exema Lacordaire, 26 spp.; Aulacochlamys est species occurring in Holarctic clytrines and Monr ó s, 32 spp.; and Chlamisus Rafi nesque, 400 + Neotropical Fulcidacini (e.g., Fulcidax Voet); the spp.]. The second most diverse tribe is Clytrini smallest species belong to Cryptocephalini ( Tria- with more than 1300 species in six subtribes and chus LeConte, Diachus LeConte, and some Lexiphanes 62 genera. All 38 genera in the subtribe Clytrina , Gistel). Body 2 times longer than wide,1.5 times with the exception of Anomoea Agassiz, occur in longer than wide (cylindrical), or rarely as long as the Old World; 11 genera are endemic to Africa, wide; in dorsal view parallel-sided with protho- and only Smaragdina Chevrolat is cosmopolitan. rax as wide as combined elytral bases; or rarely The subtribes Babiina (13 genera), Megalostomina rounded; anteriorly and posteriorly blunt for (seven genera), Ischiopachina (one genus), and most Cryptocephalini , some anteriorly and poste- Arateina (one genus; Brazil) are restricted to the riorly rounded, in transverse plane almost round; New World. The subtribe Eoclytrina (one genus) multicolored and patterned, particularly Crypto- and the incertis sedis genus Parantipa Medvedev cephalini , black with red humeri commonly in are endemic to Africa. Cryptocephalini consists Clytrini , brown, black, straw-yellow and some with of more than 3500 species in fi ve subtribes and 54 velvet spots in Fulcidacini , glabrous to pubescent, genera distributed worldwide. The most species particularly Clytrini, but some Cryptocephalini rich genus is Cryptocephalus Geoffroy with more (e. g., Mylassa St å l). than 1700 species. The subtribe Achaenopina (one Head not declined, anteriorly fl at; retracted genus) is endemic to southern Africa. Stylosomina into prothorax up to frons or almost completely, (three genera) is absent from the New World, with compound eyes completely to barely vis- whereas Pachybrachina (10 genera), Monachu- ible from above; without transverse occipital lina (16 genera), and Cryptocephalina (21 genera) ridge or stridulatory fi le. Frontal region rarely are found in all biogeographic regions. [Mon- with median groove. Compound eyes entire, not r ó s 1951, 1953; Crowson 1967; Seeno & Wilcox protuberant to strongly protuberant; fi nely fac- 1982; Masutti 1960; Reid 1990, 1991, 1995, 1998; etted, with interfacetal setae; weak to deep can- Moldenke 1970; Watts 2005; Sch ö ller 2002, 2007; thus present. Antennal insertions not exposed Chamorro-Lacayo & Konstantinov 2009; Bezd eˇ k from above; subantennal grooves absent. Fronto- 2010.] clypeal transverse strengthening ridge promi- nent to absent; clypeus variously shaped, usually Biology and Ecology (Fig. 2.7.5.1 C – F, J, K). A trapezoidal. Labrum well developed, square, apex detailed account of Camptosomata ( Cryptocephal- commonly truncate, but variably shaped. Anten- inae + Lamprosomatinae) biology was presented nae 11-segmented, longer than pronotum and by Erber (1988). Brown & Funk (2005) described fi lliform in Cryptocephalini (sometimes antenno- in detail case-making behavior and other aspects meres distally dilated and fl attened), shorter than of Neochlamisus life history ( Fulcidacini ). Crypto- pronotum and dentate in Clytrini , and clavate cephalini larvae are saprophagous,