Pv manufacturing Continue Some production processes and resources for photovoltaics in conjunction with other applications, especially electronic chips for computers, mobile phones and any other electronic device. This competition caused a shortage of crystal cells. The raw material of most solar cells today is crystalline silicon. Fortunately, silicon is one of the most widely available elements in the form of sand. Before silicon can be cut into thin waffles, however, it must be cleaned, as otherwise the photo effect will not be very effective. The purity of solar cells should not be as high as in chip applications. The purity of the solar class is 99.999% (5N), as opposed to the purity of electronic silicon up to 99.9999999% (9N). There are three main categories of manufacturing processes, resulting in different levels of purity: electronic silicon class: 9N there are three main steps to produce high purity polycrystalline silicon. Reducing coke: Silicon metallurgical class with a purity of 98.5% is made from quartz sand in an arc furnace at very high temperatures. Distillation: In the second stage, the metallurgical silicon powder class is ground in hydrogen chloride and subsequently distilled into the form of sylan gas. In most cases it is trichlorosilein, but there may be others. Siemens process: In the so- called Siemens process, polycrystalline silicon is grown at very high temperatures. It requires hydrogen and produces more hydrogen chloride as a beating product. Middle-class silicon: 6-7N The big drawback of the standard process, as mentioned above, is that the Siemens reactor is very expensive and the Siemens process itself requires a lot of energy. A number of new patented processes reduce energy consumption and capital costs for silicon production, although they are still similar to the traditional Siemens process. Modernized Metallurgical Silicon (UMG): In a completely different process, the silicon metallurgical class is chemically improved. By blowing gasses through silicon melt, boron and phosphorus impurities were removed, then directed hardening. Companies such as Timminco (now bankrupt arise), or RSI Silicon all have their own processes. However, they all have in common that, while avoiding high cleaning, production costs are significantly reduced. There are basically three different types of silicon plates of different qualities: a monocrystalline plate: Silicon with a single, continuous crystalline structure grown from a small crystal seed that is slowly pulled out of the polysilicon melt into a cylindrical-shaped ingot (Czochralski process). The bar is cut into with a diamond saw. Silicon waste from the sawing process can be re-cycled into the Polycrystalline plate: Polycrystalline silicon consists of small grains of monocrystalline silicon. Cube-shaped bars can be made directly by casting casting polysilicon, which are then cut into waffles similar to monocrystalline. Silicon tape: This is a continuous process in which thin tape or sheets of multicrystal silicon are taken from the polysilicon melt. The subsequent cutting on does not produce waste, as the painted sheets are already waffle-thin. Silicon tapes require about 5 grams of silicon per watt, not 8 g/watts using crystalline plates. Crystal cells are made from silicon plates by cleaning and doping plates. In a separate production process, a number of cells are connected to the module form. Thus, the process of production of crystal modules consists of four different processes: polysilicon production, the production of bars and waffles, cell production and module production. Thin film Thin means that the semiconductor layer is about 1/100 times thinner than in crystal cells. The production process begins with the deposition of a thin photoactive film on the substrate, which can be either a glass or a transparent film. The film is then structured into cells similar to a crystal module. Unlike crystal modules, the process of producing thin film modules is a single process that cannot be separated. For CdTe - thin film, 220 kg is required for 1 MW, which is 36 times less weight per kVtp than crystalline silicon. Join us Join us Join us on Linkedin Subscribe to our blog Follow us on Twitter Follow us on Facebook qlt; the previous next Wikipedia list Articles This article has a few problems. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the discussion page. (Find out how and when to delete these message templates) The actual accuracy of this article is disputed. The relevant discussion can be found on the conversation page. Please help make sure that the controversial statements are reliably sourced. (June 2016) (Find out how and when to delete this template message) This article should be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) Monocrystalline Solar Panels This is a list of notable photovoltaic (PV) companies. Networked solar photovoltaic power (PV) is the fastest growing energy technology in the world, rising from a cumulative installed capacity of 7.7 GW in 2007 to 320 GW in 2016. In 2016, 93% of global photovoltaic cell production capacity uses crystalline silicon (cSi) technology, which commands lead over competing forms of photovoltaic technologies such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (aSi), and copper selenium indei (CIGS). In 2016, manufacturers in China and Taiwan most of the global demand for photovoltaic modules, which account for 68% of all modules, followed by the rest of Asia by 14%. The U.S. and Canada produced 6% and Europe only 4%. Photovoltaic companies include equipment from the P.V.P.V. производителей ячеей, производителей панелей и инсталляторов. В список не входят компании по производству кремния. Фотоэлектрические производители Этот раздел должен быть обновлен. Пожалуйста, обновите эту статью, чтобы отразить последние события или вновь доступную информацию. (январь 2015 г.) Top 10 by year Solar modulecompany Shipments (GW) Country 2015* 2015† 2016(Forecast) 2018[2] 2019[2] Jinko Solar 3.79[3][4] 4.51[5] 6-6.5[5] 11.4 14.2 China JA Solar 3.38[3][4] 3.93[5] 5.2-5.5[5] 8.8 10.3 China Trina Solar 4.55[3][4] 5.74[5] – 8.1 9.7 China LONGi Solar – – – 7.2 9 China Canadian Solar 3.9[3][4] 4.7[5] 5.4-5.5[5] 7.1 8.5 Canada Hanwha Q CELLS 3.2[3][4] 3.3[5] 4.5- 4.7[5] 5.5 7.3 South Korea Risen Energy – 1.24[5][6] – 4.8 7 China First Solar 2.9[7] 2.8[5] 2.9-3[5] 2.7 5.5 United States GCL System Integration Technology 4.1 4.8 China SFCE (Shunfeng International Clean Energy Limited) – 2.28[5] – 3.3 4 China Yingli Green 2.35[3] 2.35-2.40[5] – – – China ReneSola – 2.69[5] – – – China SunPower Corp. 1.18-1.25[8] – 1.7-2[9] – – USA Sources 7-е место в зависимости от источника. Общий объем мировых поставок в 2015 году составил 50,8 ГВт. Март 2016 г. источник. † апреле 2016 года. Summary Notable PV production lines in 2015, technology, capacity and production[10][11][12] Company Country Technology Capacity (MW) Production (MW) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2012 2013 2014 2015 America Green Solar USA Crystalline silicon 0 100 300 480 0 40 108 200 Bosch Germany Crystalline silicon, Thin films (a-Si, CIGS) - 220 260 270 - 55 143 200 BP Solar Spain Laser buried grid[Note 1] - 80 - - 12 15 40[Note 2][10] - Australia MC Screen print - 52 - - 33 35 40[Note 2] - Greenshine New Energy USA - - 43 - - 25 27 30[Note 2] - Canadian Solar Canada Crystalline silicon 0 100 270 420 0 40 102.8 200 China Sunergy China - - 192 320 320 - 80 100-120 194 Conergy Germany - 0 275[Note 2] 100[Note 2] 250 0 0[Note 2] 50[Note 2] 100[Note 2] DelSolar Taiwan - 50 100 120 120 - 54 83 88.8 China - - - - 60 - - - 0 E-Ton Solar Taiwan - - 200 320 320 35 62 97 220 Evergreen Solar[Note 3] США струнная лента - 17 58,5 145 13 16 26,5 103,4 Германия Струнная лента - 90 - - 15 50 - - China String лента - - - - - - - - - Хелиус энергии США монокристаллической и поликристаллической / PERC - - - - - - - - 35 50 50 CHINA - - - 120 х120 180 220 220 БРАЗИЛИЯ - - - - - - - - - Первый солнечный США CdTe - 119 147 160 60 119 145 Примечание 2 143 Германия CdTe 0 158 196 214 0 81 192 192,5 Малайзия CdTe 0 0 39 39 39 854 0 0 167 764.5 Morgan Solar Inc Канада - Gintech Тайвань Кристаллический кремний - 210 310 660 6 60 180 368 Contendre Солнечной Индии - - - - - - - Isofoton Испания - - 130 180 140 61 87 130 130 70 Lubi солнечной Индии Monostal Поликристаллический 75 90 110 120 35 40 52 67 Itek Energy США Monocrystaline, PERC 10 15 40 50 2 4 12 25 JA Solar Holdings China Crystalline силикон - 225 750 800 30 132 520 520 Solar Co., China Ltd. - - 120 156 205 0 83 156 194 Kyocera Japan - - - 360 - 180[Note 1] 207 290 400 Mitsubishi Electric Japan - - 150 220 220 111 121 148 120 Mitsubishi Heavy Japan - - 14 42 68 13 14 40[Note 2] 42[Note 2] Motech Taiwan Crystalline silicon - 240 350 470 102 176 270 296 China Crystalline silicon 0 0 60 130 0 0 64 MX Group Italy - - - 60 90 - - 37 67 Neo Solar Power Taiwan Crystalline silicon - 60 210 240 4 36 135[Note 2] 201 Ningbo Solar Electric China - - 100 250-270 350 - 100 175[Note 2] 260 Photowatt France - - 60 60 - 33 38 58 49 Photovoltech NV Belgium - - 80 80 80 18 29 80 54 Q-Cells Germany - - 516 760 500[Note 4] 253 389 570 551 Malaysia CdTe - - - 300 - - - 206 Germany (Calyxo) - 0 8 25 10 0 1 3[Note 2] 1 Germany (Solibro) - 0 0 30 30 0 0 5 14 Germany (Sontor) - 0 8 25 - 0 1[Note 2] 3.6 RECOM France Monocrystalline & Polycrystalline - 1.5 GW 1.5 GW 1.5 GW - - - Renewable Energy Corporation Norway - - - - 150 - - 80 115 Panasonic