Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis On the Internet Second edition Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Thinking In Action Series editors: Simon Critchley, New School University, New York, and Richard Kearney, Uni- versity Gollege Dublin and Boston College Thinking in Action is a major new series that takes philosophy to its public. Each book in the series is written by a major international philosopher or thinker, engages with an important contemporary topic, and is clearly and accessibly written. The series informs and sharpens debate on issues as wide ranging as the Internet, religion, the problem of immigration and refugees, and the way we think about science. Punchy, short and stimulating, Thinking in Action is an indispensable starting point for anyone who wants to think seriously about major issues confront- ing us today. Praise for the series ‘. allows a space for distinguished thinkers to write about their passions.’ The Philosophers’ Magazine ‘. deserve high praise.’ Boyd Tonkin, The Independent (UK) ‘This is clearly an important series. I look forward to reading future volumes.’ Frank Kermode, author of Shakespeare’s Language ‘. both rigorous and accessible.’ Humanist News ‘. the series looks superb.’ Quentin Skinner ‘. an excellent and beautiful series.’ Ben Rogers, author of A.J. Ayer: A Life ‘Routledge’s Thinking in Action series is the theory junkie’s answer to the eminently pocketable Penguin 60s series.’ Mute Magazine (UK) ‘Routledge’s new series, Thinking in Action, brings philosophers to our aid...’ The Evening Standard (UK) ‘...a welcome new series by Routledge.’ Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society (Can) ‘Routledge’s innovative new Thinking in Action series takes the concept of philosophy a step further’ The Bookwatch Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis HUBERT L. DREYFUS On the Internet Second edition Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis First published 2001 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Second edition published 2009 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2001, 2009 Hubert L. Dreyfus All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Dreyfus, Hubert L. On the internet / Hubert Dreyfus p. cm. – (Thinking in action) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Information technology – Social aspects. 2. Internet – Social aspects. 3. Social isolation. I. Title. II. Series. HM851 .D74 2001 303.48'33 – dc21 00–046010 ISBN 0-203-88793-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–77516–7 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–88793–X (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–77516–8 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–88793–6 (ebk) Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis For Geneviève, surfing survivor and Website designer, who has mastered the worst and best of the Internet. Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis “Body am I, and soul” – thus speaks the child. And why should one not speak like children? But the awakened and knowing say: body am I entirely, and nothing else; and soul is only a word for something about the body. Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, trans. W. Kaufmann, New York: Viking Press, 1966, p. 34 The body is our general medium for having a world. Sometimes it is restricted to the actions necessary for the conservation of life, and accordingly it posits around us a biological world; at other times, elaborating upon these primary actions and moving from their literal to a figurative meaning, it manifests through them a core of new significance: this is true of motor skills such as dancing. Sometimes, finally, the meaning aimed at cannot be achieved by the body’s natural means; it must then build itself an instrument, and it projects thereby around itself a cultural world. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. C. Smith, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962, p. 146 Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Acknowledgements ix Preface to the Second Edition xi Introduction 1 The Hype about Hyperlinks One 9 How Far is Distance Learning from Education? Two 25 Disembodied Telepresence and the Remoteness of the Real Three 49 Nihilism on the Information Highway: Anonymity vs. Commitment in the Present Age Four 72 Virtual Embodiment: Myths of Meaning in Second Life Five 89 Conclusion 121 Notes 145 Index 165 Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Acknowledgements I’m indebted to many people for their invaluable help: to Nat Goldhaber for espousing the virtues of the Net’s disembodi- ment; to Stuart Dreyfus for teaching me all I know about skill acquisition; to Hal Varian and Gordon Rios for their patient explanations of how searching on the Net actually works; to Arun Tripathi for forwarding to me more material on the Internet than anyone could ever have time to read; to Kenneth Goldberg, Charles Spinosa, Sean Kelly, Béatrice Han, Corbin Collins, Mark Wrathall and Terry Winograd for tough objec- tions and help in answering them; and to Jos de Mul and his seminar for working through the whole manuscript and making many helpful critical comments; to Geneviève the Internet Dreyfus for teaching me to use the Net and for preparing the On fi nal manuscript; and especially to David Blair, whose sophis- ix ticated Wittgensteinian understanding of document retrieval not only helped me understand the problems of search on the Internet, but also helped me see how these problems fit with my own Merleau-Pontian sense of the limitations of life in cyberspace. Finally, thanks to Philip Rosedale, CEO and Founder of Linden Lab, for filling me in on the latest work there. The extract from Bob Dylan’s “Highway 61 Revisited” on p. 72 is reprinted by kind permission of Sony/ATV Music Publishing (UK) Ltd. Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Preface to the Second Edition The world of the Internet is changing so rapidly that to bring On the Internet up to date I had to make some serious changes, and add a whole new chapter. The most radical change is in Chapter One. There I endorsed the current pessimism concerning the possibility of success- fully searching billions of meaningless hypertext websites. Now, that pessimism has turned to optimism thanks to Google – a program which was just a proposed PhD thesis ten years ago when I was finishing the first edition. So I’ve cut out all the gloomy predictions and added an explanation of how Google works, and how Wikipedia, also new in this decade, is gaining followers using the old meaning-based ordering of the Internet information. On Likewise, most of Chapter Two predicting the failure of xi disembodied distance learning and ridiculing the enthusiasts who claimed that, thanks to the Internet, an Ivy League educa- tion would be available to everyone on the planet and that universities as we know them would disappear had to be scrapped. It is now clear that distance learning has failed. The major universities have given up on it and consider their investments of hundreds of thousands of dollars as sunk costs. Something altogether new, however, has come along in the past decade to provide an unexpected and original form of distance learning – the podcast which doesn’t try to replace Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis embodied classroom teaching but which offers an excit- ing opening on first-class courses nonetheless. I include as an Appendix an article from the LA Times describing the development of iTunesU and my involvement in it. People from all over the world have sent me e-mails saying they wish they were able to meet with others who are listen- ing to my podcasts and talk with them and with me, so I’ve experimented with teaching a virtual discussion section in Second Life. I describe the results in Chapter Five. Chapter Five is a totally new chapter about three- dimensional interactive virtual worlds. Second Life is the most prominent example of how one can create and control a vir- tual body in a virtual world, so I focus on which aspects of embodiment can be captured in Second Life and which cannot, and how this affects what sort of meaningful lives are and are not possible on the Internet. Preface to the second edition Preface xii Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Introduction I teach you the overman. Man is something that is to be overcome. What have you done to overcome him? Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, prologue Why seek to become posthuman? . Certainly, we can achieve much while remaining human. Yet we can attain higher peaks only by applying our intelligence, determination, and optimism to break out of the human chrysalis.... Our bodies . restrain our capacities. Nietzsche citation and response by Max More, founder of the Extropian Institute1 http://www.ct.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/co/2041/1.html The Internet is not just a new technological innovation; it is a new type of technological innovation; one that brings out the very essence of technology. Up to now, technological innovators have generally produced devices that served needs that were already recognized, and then discovered some the Internet unexpected side effects. So Alexander Graham Bell thought On the telephone would be useful for communication in business 1 but would not be accepted into people’s homes, let alone intrude as they walked down the street.