Women active in the ICT sector FINAL REPORT A study prepared for the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology Digital Agenda for Europe Digital DigitalDigital Agenda for AgendaAgenda for for Europe This study was carried out for the European Commission by Iclaves S.L. Calle de Santa Engracia 108, 6º Int. Drcha. 28003 Madrid www.iclaves.es Internal identification Contract number: 30-CE-0534945/00-32 SMART number: 2012/0066 DISCLAIMER By the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content & Technology. The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISBN 978-92-79-32373-7 DOI: 10.2759/27822 © European Union, 2013. All rights reserved. Certain parts are licensed under conditions to the EU. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reproduction of the third-party textual or artistic material included in the study is prohibited. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................ 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. 6 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................. 8 ABSTRACT .................................................................................... 10 ABRÉGÉ ....................................................................................... 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................... 12 RÉSUMÉ ....................................................................................... 18 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 25 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 26 Scope of the study ...................................................................... 26 Methodology .............................................................................. 28 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM ...................................................... 33 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ................ 43 Priority 1. Build a renewed image of the sector among women and mainstream society ........................................................................ 43 The problem ............................................................................... 43 How we identified the problem ...................................................... 43 General recommendations ............................................................ 45 Concrete actions ......................................................................... 48 Priority 1.2. Promote a “diversity” approach ...................................... 51 The problem ............................................................................... 51 How we identified the problem ...................................................... 51 General recommendations ............................................................ 53 Concrete actions ......................................................................... 53 Priority 2. Empower women in the sector .......................................... 55 The problem ............................................................................... 55 How we identified the problem ...................................................... 55 General recommendations ............................................................ 57 Concrete actions ......................................................................... 59 Priority 3. Increase the number of women entrepreneurs in the ICT sector ................................................................................................... 61 The problem ............................................................................... 61 How we identified the problem ...................................................... 61 General recommendations ............................................................ 64 Concrete actions ......................................................................... 65 Priority 4. Improve working conditions in the sector ............................ 66 The problem ............................................................................... 66 How we identified the problem ...................................................... 66 General recommendations ............................................................ 71 Concrete actions ......................................................................... 72 TRANSVERSAL ACTIONS ................................................................. 74 Transversal action 1. Improve data availability................................... 74 The problem ............................................................................... 74 How we identified the problem ...................................................... 74 General recommendations ............................................................ 75 Concrete actions ......................................................................... 75 Transversal action 2: Identify and Exchange Best Practices .................. 76 REFERENCES ................................................................................ 78 ANNEX I. GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS ................................................ 83 ANNEX II. ECONOMIC CASES .......................................................... 86 Methodology for the Economic Cases ............................................. 86 Economic Case 1. Gender Gaps in Education and Work ..................... 86 Economic Case 2: Gender Differences in Job Conditions: ICT sector versus other non-ICT Service Sectors ............................................ 94 Economic Case 3: Gender Gaps among Entrepreneurs in the ICT and non-ICT sectors ........................................................................ 107 Annex Tables ........................................................................... 113 ANNEX III. CODE OF BEST PRACTICES: STATUS AND ASSESSMENT ... 117 Methodology ............................................................................ 117 Survey for the signatories of the Code of Best Practices for Women and ICT ......................................................................................... 118 General conclusions ................................................................... 119 Proposal for reforming the Code: “ICT Diverse Workforce” label ....... 120 ANNEX IV. CASE STUDIES ............................................................ 129 Review of existing case studies ................................................... 129 New case studies ...................................................................... 143 1 ANNEX V. ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGNS ........................ 151 Methodology ............................................................................ 151 Social Media Campaign Case Studies ........................................... 152 General conclusions ................................................................... 164 ANNEX VI. CAREER PATHS ............................................................ 165 ICT COMPANY MANAGER .............................................................. 166 Career path .............................................................................. 167 ICT POLICYMAKER ....................................................................... 168 Career path .............................................................................. 169 ICT CONSULTANT ........................................................................ 170 Career path .............................................................................. 171 SOFTWARE DEVELOPER ................................................................ 172 Career path .............................................................................. 173 TECHNICAL SUPPORT ................................................................... 174 Career path .............................................................................. 175 NETWORK ENGINEER ................................................................... 176 Career path .............................................................................. 177 IT SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATOR ....................................................... 178 Career path .............................................................................. 179 VIDEOGAMES DEVELOPER ............................................................ 180 Career path .............................................................................. 181 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY REPRESENTATIVE ................ 182 Career path .............................................................................. 183 ANNEX VII. TRANSCRIPTIONS OF INTERVIEWS ................................ 184 Methodology ............................................................................ 184 Questionnaire ........................................................................... 185 Interview I. ICT Company Manager ............................................