August 2016 Sindh Drought Needs Assessment The State of Agriculture, Livelihood, Food Security, Nutrition, Water and Sanitation in Drought Affected Communities in Sindh Sindh Drought Needs Assessment The State of Agriculture, Livelihood, Food Security, Nutrition, Water and Sanitation in Drought Affected Communities in Sindh August 2016 c Food Security Cluster, Pakistan 2016 All right reserved. This Material is Copyright, however, it may be reproduced for educational purposes. The Food Security Cluster Pakistan should be informed of any such reproduction Disclaimer This interpretations and observations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflects the position of all Food Security Cluster partners. All Photographs used in this publication are courtesy of c FAO/ Ajmal Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................... i Acronyms / Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... iii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives of the Assessment ....................................................................................................... 1 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Tools .............................................................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Sample Selection ........................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Data Collection and Entry ............................................................................................................. 3 2.4 Data Cleaning ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.5 Weights ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.6 Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................................ 6 2.7 Drought Definition ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.8 Focus of Study ............................................................................................................................... 7 3. Drought and Water Scarcity in Sindh ............................................................................................ 10 4. Impact of the Drought on Livelihoods ........................................................................................... 16 4.1 Irrigation ...................................................................................................................................... 16 4.2 Crop Cultivation .......................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Farmers Coping Strategies .......................................................................................................... 21 4.4 Farmers’ Needs ........................................................................................................................... 21 4.5 Livestock ...................................................................................................................................... 23 4.6 Other Hazards: Floods and Heavy Rains ..................................................................................... 25 4.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 26 5. Vulnerability and Food Security .................................................................................................... 28 5.1 Exposure ...................................................................................................................................... 28 5.2 Sensitivity .................................................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Household Types by Agro-climatic Zones ................................................................................... 30 5.4 Food Security .............................................................................................................................. 30 5.4.1 Availability of food ............................................................................................................... 30 5.4.2 Access to Food ..................................................................................................................... 33 5.4.3 Share of Food Expenditure................................................................................................... 35 5.4.4 Income Sources .................................................................................................................... 36 5.4.5 Stability: Hydro- meteorological Hazard Incidence and Impact on Crop Production .......... 39 5.5 Coping Capacity ........................................................................................................................... 39 5.5.1 Contracting Debt .................................................................................................................. 40 5.5.2 Migration .............................................................................................................................. 40 5.5.3 Food Based Coping Strategies .............................................................................................. 41 5.5.4 Livelihood Based Coping Strategies ..................................................................................... 41 5.6 Food Consumption Score ............................................................................................................ 42 5.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 43 6. Nutrition and Infant & Young Child Feeding (IYCF) ....................................................................... 45 6.1 Food Consumption and Malnutrition ......................................................................................... 46 6.2 Healthy Environment and Nutrition ........................................................................................... 47 6.3 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) ........................................................................................ 48 6.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 50 7. Association between Drought, Assets Ownership, Health and Wash .......................................... 52 7.1 Assets Ownership ........................................................................................................................ 52 7.2 Health .......................................................................................................................................... 54 7.2.1 Access to Health Care Facilities ............................................................................................ 54 7.2.2 Mortality .............................................................................................................................. 55 7.2.3 Morbidity (Diarrhea) ............................................................................................................ 56 7.3 Water and Sanitation .................................................................................................................. 58 7.3.1 Access to Water ................................................................................................................... 58 7.3.2 Washing Hands Products ..................................................................................................... 61 7.3.3 Connection to Drainage System ........................................................................................... 62 8. Assistance ...................................................................................................................................... 63 9. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 66 9.1 Agriculture................................................................................................................................... 66 9.2 Off-farm Livelihood ..................................................................................................................... 67 9.3 Health and Nutrition ................................................................................................................... 67 9.4 Water and Sanitation .................................................................................................................. 68 9.5 Integrated Approach ..................................................................................................................