PlacePlace Final Technical Report logo logo CRRP2017-09SY-AHMED herehere UNDERSTANDING THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF COMPLIANCE TO SAFE BUILDING CODES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE IN SOUTH ASIA The following collaborators worked on this project: 1. Iftekhar Ahmed, University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] 2. Thayaparan Gajendran, University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] 3. Graham Brewer, University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] 4. Kim Maund, University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] 5. Jason von Meding, University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected] 6. Humayun Kabir, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, [email protected] 7. Mohammad Faruk, BRAC University, Bangladesh, [email protected] 8. Hari Darshan Shrestha, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, [email protected] 9. Nagendra Raj Sitoula, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, [email protected] Copyright © 2017 Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research APN seeks to maximise discoverability and use of its knowledge and information. All publications are made available through its online repository “APN E-Lib” (www.apn-gcr.org/resources/). Unless otherwise indicated, APN publications may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services. Appropriate acknowledgement of APN as the source and copyright holder must be given, while APN’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services must not be implied in any way. For reuse requests: http://www.apn-gcr.org/?p=10807 ISBN 978-0-7259-0034-2 (digital) Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Overview .................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Project Summary ......................................................................................................................... 9 2. Project description .................................................................................................................... 11 a. Research problem .................................................................................................................. 11 b. Research questions ................................................................................................................ 12 c. Rationale for context focus ................................................................................................... 13 d. Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 14 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 14 4. Project relevance ....................................................................................................................... 18 2. Results & Discussion .................................................................................................................... 22 SECTION 1: Global overview on disasters and building codes ........................................................... 22 e. Promoting change ................................................................................................................. 22 5. Building codes .......................................................................................................................... 23 f. Origins of building codes ...................................................................................................... 23 g. Defining building codes ........................................................................................................ 24 h. Prescriptive and performance based codes ........................................................................... 24 6. Disaster resilience within the informal sector ........................................................................... 25 i. The importance of traditional knowledge ............................................................................. 25 7. Building code compliance ......................................................................................................... 26 j. Types of compliance ............................................................................................................. 26 k. Code compliance in developed countries .............................................................................. 27 l. Code compliance in developing countries ............................................................................ 30 8. Encouraging code compliance .................................................................................................. 32 m. Facilitation mechanisms .................................................................................................... 33 n. Reviewing compliance challenges ........................................................................................ 33 9. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 34 SECTION 2: Case Study: Bangladesh .................................................................................................. 36 10. Geography and population of Bangladesh ............................................................................ 37 1 11. Impacts of disasters on buildings and people in Bangladesh ................................................ 38 o. Major fire incidences in Dhaka ............................................................................................. 38 p. Major building collapses in the last decades in Dhaka City ................................................. 40 12. Building regulations in Bangladesh ...................................................................................... 43 q. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) ...................................................................... 43 r. Addition in the new draft edition of BNBC 2010 ................................................................. 44 s. Land development rules for private housing 2004 ................................................................ 45 13. Building construction practices in Dhaka ............................................................................. 45 14. Research approach and methodology.................................................................................... 46 t. Data collection and analysis .................................................................................................. 46 u. Details of interview participants ........................................................................................... 47 v. Details of focus group participants ....................................................................................... 49 15. Results – Interviews and Focus Groups ................................................................................ 50 w. Participants’ perception on building compliance .................................................................. 50 x. Reasons suggested by stakeholders for non-compliance with building codes ...................... 51 16. Measures to encourage compliance ...................................................................................... 52 y. Recommendations of stakeholders for voluntary compliance .............................................. 52 17. Recommendations of stakeholders for enforced and deterrent compliance .......................... 54 8 Key findings and recommendations ......................................................................................... 55 z. Key findings .......................................................................................................................... 55 aa. Key recommendations ....................................................................................................... 56 18. Future research opportunities ................................................................................................ 58 19. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 58 SECTION 3: Case study: Nepal ........................................................................................................... 60 20. Geography and population of Nepal ..................................................................................... 60 21. Impacts of disasters on buildings and people in Nepal ......................................................... 61 22. Building regulations in Nepal ............................................................................................... 62 23. Building construction practices in Nepal .............................................................................. 64 24. Research approach and methodology.................................................................................... 64 bb. Data Collection ................................................................................................................. 64 cc. Details of interview participants ......................................................................................