FR Is Commercial Cellular Suitable for Mission Critical Broadband? Study on use of commercial mobile networks and equipment for "mission-critical" high-speed broadband communications in specific sectors FINAL REPORT A study prepared for the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology by: Digital Agenda for Europe This study was carried out for the European Commission by Authors: Simon Forge, Robert Horvitz and Colin Blackman Cover images: Right and middle images: SCF Associates Ltd; left image: Wikia Internal identification Contract number: 30-CE-0603428/00-19 SMART number: 2013/0016 DISCLAIMER By the European Commission, Directorate-General of Communications Networks, Content & Technology. The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISBN: 978-92-79-38679-4 DOI: 10.2759/54788 © European Union, 2014. All rights reserved. Certain parts are licensed under conditions to the EU. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Contents Abstract.............................................................................................................. 4 Résumé .........................................................................................................................5 Fazit .............................................................................................................................6 Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 7 Résumé analytique........................................................................................................16 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................27 Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 38 1 Context, Objectives, Method and Description of Work Carried Out.............. 42 1.1 Context ...............................................................................................................42 1.2 Objectives ...........................................................................................................42 1.3 Methodology and description of work carried out .......................................................43 2 Requirements that Shape Wireless Communication Needs for Mission Critical Operations........................................................................................................ 44 2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................44 2.2 Summary of operational, functional and safety requirements.......................................44 2.3 Characteristics of wireless equipment and networks in the three sectors .......................56 2.4 Applicability and relevance of the terms “mission-critical” and “non-mission-critical”.......70 3 Capabilities of Commercial Mobile Networks for Mission Critical Communication................................................................................................. 77 3.1 State-of-the-art commercial mobile networks and equipment ......................................78 3.2 Commercial networks and equipment expected in the foreseeable future ......................85 3.3 Bands currently harmonised for wireless broadband ...................................................90 3.4 Potential future bands for mission critical broadband..................................................94 4 Estimating Costs and Benefits of Wireless Communication Needs............... 99 4.1 Comparison of five possible options .........................................................................99 4.2 Networking option 1: Dedicated specialised networks using specialised equipment ....... 108 4.3 Networking option 2: Commercial networks using commercial equipment only............. 113 4.4 Networking option 3: Dedicated specialised networks using commercial equipment ...... 121 4.5 Networking option 4: Hybrid solutions.................................................................... 128 4.6 Networking option 5: A common multi-purpose network for use by all three sectors ..... 141 4.7 The socioeconomic cost of disasters and emergencies .............................................. 149 5 Current Use of Commercial Mobile Networks for Mission Critical Communications............................................................................................. 151 5.1 Case study: UK Emergency Services Mobile Communications Programme (ESMCP)....... 151 5.2 Case Study: FirstNet ........................................................................................... 158 5.3 Case Study: ASTRID’s Blue Light Mobile ................................................................. 162 SCF Associates Ltd 1 5.4 Case Study: ENEL ............................................................................................... 164 5.5 Case study: Duke Energy ..................................................................................... 168 5.6 Case study: ITS Spot........................................................................................... 170 5.7 Legal considerations............................................................................................ 174 6 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 177 6.1 Towards a definition of “mission critical”................................................................. 177 6.2 Feasibility of using commercial mobile networks for mission-critical communications..... 178 6.3 Conclusions on the cost comparisons of the various options ...................................... 182 6.4 Spectrum demands and possible ways forward........................................................ 184 6.5 Lessons from the case studies .............................................................................. 188 6.6 Could LTE fill the “TETRA gap”?............................................................................. 190 6.7 Could a common regional critical infrastructure be built? .......................................... 191 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 193 Appendix A. Public Protection & Disaster Relief (PPDR) ................................. 209 Appendix B. Utilities ....................................................................................... 239 Appendix C. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) ........................................... 244 Appendix D. Sample definitions of “mission critical” ...................................... 257 Appendix E. Final Presentation Workshop Summary ...................................... 260 Figures Figure 2.1. PPDR data applications’ bandwidth requirements versus mission criticality ................46 Figure 2.2. Digital PMR market shares in Europe for TETRA, EDACS and TETRAPOL, 1997-2002...58 Figure 2.3. Sectoral distribution of TETRA contracts in 2011 ...................................................59 Figure 2.4. Data throughput v signal range (TEDS) ...............................................................60 Figure 2.5. Coverage map of Romanian security services’ WiMAX network ................................63 Figure 2.6. Portable data devices used by utility workers in North America ...............................64 Figure 2.7. Installed base of smart meters (electricity and gas) in the EU28+2, 2012-2019 ........65 Figure 2.8. ITS band plan at 5.9 GHz ..................................................................................66 Figure 2.9. GSM-R deployments: planned, constructed and operating .....................................66 Figure 2.10. Europe’s main pre-ETCS train control systems ....................................................69 Figure 2.11. The continuum of criticality with PPDR command/response hierarchies ...................73 Figure 3.1. LTE coverage in the EU, end of 2013...................................................................81 Figure 3.2. Measured LTE coverage (left) versus population distribution (right) in Sweden ..........82 Figure 3.3. 3GPP provisional schedule for LTE releases to 2017...............................................86 Figure 3.4. New LTE network launch rate declining since 2012 ................................................92 Figure 3.5. 700 MHz options considering PMSE, PPDR and other services on a national basis .......96 Figure 4.1. Comparing the options in dedicated and commercial based networks .......................99 2 SCF Associates Ltd Figure 4.2. Relationship between capex and frequency for mobile networks ............................ 103 Figure 4.3. Relationship and variance in costs of mission critical network rollouts .................... 112 Figure 4.4. Transition phase application level integration of legacy and future PPDR networks ... 116 Figure 4.5. Stages in building high resilience on a commercial mobile platform........................ 117 Figure 4.6. Relation between base station site numbers and operational frequency, linearised ... 124 Figure 4.7. Federating the commercial and dedicated network