Neotropical Biodiversity ISSN: (Print) 2376-6808 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tneo20 Reconstructing the geographic origin of the New World jays Sumudu W. Fernando, A. Townsend Peterson & Shou-Hsien Li To cite this article: Sumudu W. Fernando, A. Townsend Peterson & Shou-Hsien Li (2017) Reconstructing the geographic origin of the New World jays, Neotropical Biodiversity, 3:1, 80-92, DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2017.1296751 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2017.1296751 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 05 Mar 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 956 View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tneo20 Neotropical Biodiversity, 2017 Vol. 3, No. 1, 80–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2017.1296751 Reconstructing the geographic origin of the New World jays Sumudu W. Fernandoa* , A. Townsend Petersona and Shou-Hsien Lib aBiodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; bDepartment of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (Received 23 August 2016; accepted 15 February 2017) We conducted a biogeographic analysis based on a dense phylogenetic hypothesis for the early branches of corvids, to assess geographic origin of the New World jay (NWJ) clade. We produced a multilocus phylogeny from sequences of three nuclear introns and three mitochondrial genes and included at least one species from each NWJ genus and 29 species representing the rest of the five corvid subfamilies in the analysis. We used the S-DIVA, S-DEC, and BBM analyses implemented in RASP to create biogeographic reconstructions, and BEAST to estimate timing of NWJ diversification. Biogeographic reconstructions indicated that NWJs originated from an ancestor in the Eastern Palearctic or Eastern + Western Palearctic, diversified in Mesoamerica and spread subsequently to North and South America; the group has been diversifying in the New World since the late Miocene. Keywords: New World jays; Corvidae; biogeographic origin; divergence times Introduction of Bonaccorso and Peterson [14], who offered support The New World jays (NWJs) are a monophyletic group for a hypothesis that the NWJ ancestor was in of corvids [1,2], presently considered to comprise seven Mesoamerica or North America + Mesoamerica and radi- genera (Aphelocoma, Calocitta, Cyanocitta, Cyanocorax, ated into North and South America independently. The Cyanolyca, Gymnorhinus and Psilorhinus); the ~36 spe- origins of this diverse clade are of considerable interest cies [3,4] represent the product of a radiation across in light of questions about the biogeography of Asian much of the Americas [1]. The group has long been a and American tropical groups [15], morphological focus of research in behavioral ecology, in light of com- innovation [2] and the evolutionary origins of social plex behavioral repertoires, particularly as regards social behavior [2]. behavior [5–7]. Several previous studies have examined the evolu- The origins of corvids can be traced to Australia, tionary history, phylogeny and biogeography of the from where the ancestor of the family dispersed to Asia, NWJs, but invariably based on sparse representation of followed by radiations in Asia, Europe and elsewhere NWJ genera and limited outgroup sampling. De los fi [8]. Ericson and colleagues [9–11] provided evidence Monteros and Cracraft [1] proposed a rst hypothesis of that the origin of the oscine passerines, to which the intergeneric relationships in the group based on cyto- Corvidae belongs, dates to the split of the Australo- chrome b sequences. Ericson et al. [11] added markers Papuan tectonic plate from Antarctica in the early but included only single species per genus. Saunders and Tertiary, ~53M years ago. Thus, the replacement of the Edwards [16] examined mitochondrial DNA control early Tertiary rainforests in Australia by drier vegetation region (CR) variation among representatives of all NWJ may have placed presumably forest-adapted early corvids genera. Finally, Bonaccorso and Peterson [14] derived a in more open habitats, resulting in a new radiation that multilocus phylogeny with much-improved NWJ species led to the present global distribution of the family. How- representation and included a historical biogeographic ever, a recent study [12] estimated the age of the family analysis that concluded that NWJ origins were in at ~20M years. Colonization of the New World by Mesoamerica or Mesoamerica + North America. corvids occurred more recently, apparently via a trans- These previous studies, however, did not provide fi Beringian route [8]. The ancestor of NWJs, thought to suf cient detail in terms of representation of taxa of be jay-like lineages related to Cissa and Urocissa, NWJs and other corvids to permit thorough understand- reached North America 10−8M years ago, in the Mio- ing the geographic origin of NWJs or to identify their fi cene [13]. Once in the Americas, a rapid radiation in closest corvid relatives. The key de ciency has been in South America by the early Pliocene, was apparently fol- terms of representation of taxa from the deepest branches lowed by a secondary radiation in North America [1]. of the corvid phylogeny; thus, we here derive a denser This hypothesis was not supported by the later analyses phylogenetic hypothesis by deriving DNA sequences for *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Published online 05 Mar 2017 Neotropical Biodiversity 81 these early lineages, placing several species of treepies, Phylogenetic analysis blue magpies and green magpies in a molecular phy- Single-gene matrices were concatenated using Geneious fi logeny for the rst time, to permit more robust biogeo- 8.1.6 to produce an overall mitochondrial data set, a graphic analyses. In light of this new data set, we nuclear intron data set and a total combined matrix. Phy- discuss geographic origins of NWJs and offer a new logenies were estimated with Bayesian analysis (BA) hypothesis. and maximum-likelihood (ML) inference methods. GARLI v2.01 [44] was used for the maximum-likelihood Methods analysis. We performed 100 independent analyses and Taxon and gene sampling chose the tree with the best likelihood score. Nodal support values for topologies were evaluated via 500 Taxon sampling included at least one species from each nonparametric bootstrap replicates [45]. The 50% NWJ genus, 29 species representing the rest of the five majority-rule consensus tree was acquired in PAUP* 4.0 corvid subfamilies and Lanius as a definitive outgroup [46]; 70% bootstrap support was considered as indicative (see Appendix 1 for a summary). Frozen tissue samples of solid nodal support [47,48]. (muscle tissue) were obtained from the American Bayesian phylogenetic estimates were obtained in Museum of Natural History, Louisiana State University MrBayes 3.2.2 [49–51]. Two independent Markov chain Museum of Natural Science, National Taiwan Normal Monte Carlo (MCMC) runs of 2 Â 107 generations using University and the University of Kansas Natural History four chains (temp = 0.1) per run were conducted. We Museum. We also added DNA sequences from GenBank sampled trees every 2000 generations and discarded the from previous studies [1,11,14,17–34] that overlapped first 25% of the trees as burn-in. We used TRACER 1.6 our sequenced gene regions. [52] to assess convergence of parameter estimates and DNA sequences were obtained for three mitochon- posterior probabilities. The remaining trees were summa- drial genes (cytochrome b, or Cytb; nicotinamide adenine rized to obtain a 50% majority-rule consensus tree. dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 2, or ND2; and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 3, or ND3), and three nuclear introns (the seventh intron Ancestral area reconstructions of the beta-fibrinogen gene, or βfib7; the second intron We employed S-DIVA (Statistical Dispersal-Vicariance of the myoglobin gene, or Myo2; and the fifth intron of Analysis), ‘Bayes−Lagrange’ or Statistical Dispersal- the transforming growth factor β2, or TGFβ2). Genes Extinction-Cladogenesis (S-DEC [53,54]), and Bayesian were amplified using the following primers: Cytb, Binary Method (BBM) analysis implemented in RASP L14851 [35] and L428 and H494 [36]; ND2, L5215 and 3.2 [55,56] to reconstruct ancestral areas of corvid lin- H6313 [37]; ND3, L10755 and H11151 [38]; βfib7, FIB- eages. DIVA is an event-based method in which vicari- B17U and FIB-B17L [39]; Myo2, Myo2 [40] and Myo3f ance is assumed and includes potential contributions for [41]; and TGFβ2, TGF5 and TGF6 [35]. dispersal and extinction by assigning a cost [57]. S-DIVA is an expansion of Bayes-DIVA implemented by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing, Nylander et al. [58] that incorporates the entire posterior alignment and model selection distribution of tree topologies, thus accounting for both phylogenetic and ancestral state uncertainty [55,56]. DNA was extracted from frozen tissues