Crustal Evolution and Hydrothermal Gold Mineralization in the Katuma Block of the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian Belt, Tanzania Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschftiliches Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Emmanuel Owden Kazimoto Kiel 2014 Crustal Evolution and Hydrothermal Gold Mineralization in the Katuma Block of the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian Belt, Tanzania Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschftiliches Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Emmanuel Owden Kazimoto Kiel 2014 Gedruckt mit der Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes Referent: Prof. Dr. Volker Schenk Korrereferentin: Prof. Dr. Astrid Holzheid Tad der mündlichen Prüfung: 1-7-2014 Zum Druck genehmigt Der Dekan Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde als monographische Dissertation verfasst, jedoch ist in den drei Kapiteln jeweils eine eigenständige Einleitung und Diskussion vorhanden. Für die einzelnen Kapitel wurde bewusst ein unabhängiger Aufbau gewählt, da diese losgelöst voneinander in internationalen Fachzeitschriften publiziert werden sollen. Daher finden sich in jedem Kapitel eine Einleitung, Diskussion und Literaturverzeichnis wieder, auch die Länge und etwaige Formatierungen sind in Hinblick auf die jeweiligen Vorgaben der Fachzeitschriften bewusst gewählt. Der Leser sei darauf hingewiesen, dass es durch den gewählten Aufbau zu Wiederholungen kommen kann und möge diesen Sachverhalt bei der Lektüre berücksichtigen. Kiel, June 2014 Emmanuel Owden Kazimoto Acknowledgements I would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Programme (DAAD) and The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training of Tanzania (MOEVT) through the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU) for providing funds that facilitated my stay in Germany and enabled me to attain my PhD degree. I am also grateful to the University of Dar es Salaam for the financial support of my fieldworks through the Sida Earth Science Project. The success of my PhD study was possible through the support from many people, who I may neither be able to mention in their totality nor express in words gratitude that would equal what they did to me. Here let me start with Prof. Dr. Volker Schenk, to whom I am indefinitely indebted first of all for accepting me to work together with him and the Department of Petrology here at the Institute of Geoscience in the Christian Albrecht University Kiel, I benefited a lot from his vast knowledge and experience in Petrology. Not only good supervision but also I learned a great deal from his well organised field excursions in different geologically interesting regions, for example, the Alps in northern Italy, the Ore Mountains in Germany, the Himalaya Mountains in India and Nepal, the Aravalli Craton in India and the great Semail ophiolite in Oman. I would also like to thank him and his wife, Prof. Dr. Dominique Lattard, for always making me feel like part of their family especially during sensitive times like festival seasons. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Astrid Holzheid for accepting to be a co-supervisor for my PhD project and therefore enabling me to pursue my doctorate degree here at Christian Albrecht University Kiel. I would like to thank Dr. Peter Appel for being kind enough to teach and share with me his vast knowledge in Electron Probe Micro Analyser, mineral analyses and monazite dating technique. It would have not been possible to finish my doctorate degree without his skills. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Petra Herms; first of all for being ready to teach and introduce me to fluid inclusions studies. I gained a great deal of knowledge from her vast experience on fluid inclusions studies. But also I am very appreciative for the advice or help she provided me on different matters that were concerning my personal life, for instance when my 20 ore samples were mysteriously lost. I am thankful to Dr. Peter Raase for being kind and vi Acknowledgements supportive officemate at the time we shared an office, I benefited a lot from his knowledge on microscopy and mineral identification. I would also like to extend my thanks to Dr. Heidi Höfer of Goethe University in Frankfurt and Dr. Jasper Berndt-Gerdes of Münster University for allowing me to utilize their laboratories and for the technical assistance they provided me when I was using Scanning Electron Microscope and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer. My grateful thanks are also extended to Dr. Sönke Brandt, who introduces me to pseudosection modelling using Theriak Domino software. Mr. Andreas Fehler is thanked for making a number of rock and polished thin sections, which were used in my PhD studies. Words cannot express my gratitude to Mrs. Barbara Mader for her kindness and support that made my stay in Germany comfortable and memorable. Apart from being helpful in EPMA laboratory, Mrs. Mader has been very supportive to me and my family in different matters. I really appreciate. I would also like to thank my colleagues: Tapabrato Sarkar, Julia Bial, Shreya Karmakar, Dr. Rauno Baase, Britta Jensen, Robert Seidel, William Schink, Daniel Weimer, Julia Immor, Rashid Benaouda and Dr. Erik Duesterhoeft, for their readiness to share their knowledge, discuss, help, listen and participate in social activities with me. It would have been very tough for me without them being there for me. I thank them very much. Many thanks go to members of the Department of Geology of the University of Dar es salaam Tanzania for their different roles during my PhD studies. Dr. Nelson Boniface for introducing me to Prof. Dr. Volker Schenk and accompanying me during my fieldworks; Prof. Justinian R. Ikingura for his support during my first fieldwork to Mpanda; Prof. Makenya Maboko and Dr. Shukrani Manya are thanked for enabling me obtain funds for the Re-OS analyses and Dr. Isaac Marobhe and Mr. Claud John are thanked for accompanying me during my first fieldwork. Last but not least, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my lovely wife Atuwene, son Caleb and daughter Candela. They had to go through difficult times without me for more than 42 months. I appreciate their patience, love and support in the course of my doctorate studies. Contents Vorwort ......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ v Contents ........................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xv Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................... xvii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... xxi Introduction ............................................................................................................................... xxiii Study approach and analytical techniques ................................................................................ xxiv Outline of this study ................................................................................................................... xxv 1. Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic crust formation in the Ubendian Belt of Tanzania Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 2. Geological setting ................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Ubendian Belt .............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Katuma Block .............................................................................................................. 4 3. Petrography ......................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Metabasites and gabbronorites ..................................................................................... 6 3.2 Orthogneisses and granites .......................................................................................... 6 3.3 Metasedimentary rocks ................................................................................................ 7 4. Analytical methods .............................................................................................................. 9 4.1 Geochemistry ............................................................................................................... 9 4.2 U-Pb zircon LA-ICP-Mass Spectrometry .................................................................... 9 viii Contents 5. U–Pb zircon geochronology .............................................................................................. 10 5.1 Migmatitic orthogneiss and leucosome ....................................................................