ORGANIC CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY OF FISHES This is Volume 33 in the FISH PHYSIOLOGY series Edited by Anthony P. Farrell and Colin J. Brauner Honorary Editors: William S. Hoar and David J. Randall A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of the volume ORGANIC CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY OF FISHES Edited by KEITH B. TIERNEY Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada ANTHONY P. FARRELL Department of Zoology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems The University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada COLIN J. BRAUNER Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright r 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved The cover illustrates the diversity of effects an example synthetic organic water pollutant can have on fish. The chemical shown is 2,4-D, an herbicide that can be found in streams near urbanization and agriculture. The fish shown is one that can live in such streams: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The effect shown on the left is the ability of 2,4-D (yellow line) to stimulate olfactory sensory neurons vs. control (black line) (measured as an electro- olfactogram; EOG). The effect shown on the right is the ability of 2,4-D to induce the expression of an egg yolk precursor protein (vitellogenin) in male fish. Image credits: chemical, Wikipedia; fish, Matthew Gilbert; EOG, Brian Blunt; well plate, Daniel Schlenk. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-398254-4 ISSN: 1546-5098 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India www.adi-mps.com Printed and bound in United States of America 14151617 10987654321 For Jeannie This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS xi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv PREFACE xxiii 1. Organic Contaminants and Fish Keith B. Tierney, Christopher J. Kennedy, Frank Gobas, Melissa Gledhill and Mark Sekela 1. Contaminants: A Short Historical Preamble 1 2. Contaminant Toxicokinetics in Fishes 14 3. Predicting Contaminant Movement in the Environment and Fish 34 4. Quantifying Contaminants and Exposures 40 5. Conclusion 41 2. Effects of Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Fish—Current and Future Challenges Lyndal L. Johnson, Bernadita F. Anulacion, Mary R. Arkoosh, Douglas G. Burrows, Denis A. M. da Silva, Joseph P. Dietrich, Mark S. Myers, Julann Spromberg and Gina M. Ylitalo 1. Introduction 54 2. Transformations of POPs in the Aquatic Environment 56 3. Endocrine Disruption 58 4. Effects on Early Development 77 5. Transgenerational Effects 84 6. Effects on Growth, Condition, and Energy Reserves 87 7. Effects on Reproduction 90 8. Immunotoxicity 97 9. Neoplasia and Related Pathological Conditions 102 10. Effects on Behavior, Including Foraging, Aggression, and Predator Avoidance 105 11. Risk Assessment Challenges 108 vii viii CONTENTS 3. Organometal(loid)s Niladri Basu and David M. Janz 1. Introduction 142 2. Organic Mercury 144 3. Organoselenium 157 4. Organoarsenicals 170 5. Organotin Compounds 176 6. Other Organometal(loid)s 179 7. Conclusions 181 4. Effects on Fish of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Naphthenic Acid Exposures Tracy K. Collier, Bernadita F. Anulacion, Mary R. Arkoosh, Joseph P. Dietrich, John P. Incardona, Lyndal L. Johnson, Gina M. Ylitalo and Mark S. Myers 1 Introduction 196 2 Transformations of PAHs in the Aquatic Environment 198 3 Hepatic Neoplasia and Related Lesions in Wild Fish 200 4 Effects on Reproduction 211 5 Effects on Embryonic and Larval Development 215 6 Transgenerational Effects 222 7 Other Effects with Consequences for Survival of Postlarval Stages 224 8 Naphthenic Acids as a New Concern 230 9 Future Directions 234 5. Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Fish Christopher J. Kennedy, Heather L. Osachoff and Lesley K. Shelley 1. Introduction 257 2. EDC 260 3. Toxicokinetics 266 4. Mechanisms of Toxicity 273 5. Xenoestrogen Effects 285 6. Interactions with Other Toxic Agents 290 7. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 291 6. Insecticide Toxicity in Fish M.H. Fulton, P.B. Key and M.E. DeLorenzo 1. Abstract/Introduction 310 2. Background 311 3. Insecticide Classes 312 4. Organophosphates 323 5. Carbamates 331 6. Pyrethroids 337 7. Neonicotinoids 345 CONTENTS ix 8. Phenylpyrazoles 347 9. Microbial-Based Insecticides 349 10. Insect Growth Regulators 351 11. Mixtures 353 12. Data Gaps 353 13. Summary 354 7. Effects of Herbicides on Fish Keith R. Solomon, Kristoffer Dalhoff, David Volz and Glen Van Der Kraak 1. Introduction 370 2. Classification of Herbicides 374 3. Acute Lethality of Herbicides to Fish 374 4. Sublethal Effects of Herbicides in Fish 387 5. Indirect Effects of Herbicides on Fish 402 6. Conclusions 403 8. Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: A Case Study on the Effects of Triclosan in Fish Alice Hontela and Hamid R. Habibi 1. Introduction 412 2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Triclosan, and Its Use as a Personal Care Product 413 3. Exposure in the Aquatic Environment 415 4. Kinetics and Metabolism of Triclosan 417 5. Toxicity of Triclosan 418 6. Reproductive and Developmental Effects 423 7. Effects of Triclosan on the Thyroid Axis 425 8. Interactions of Triclosan with Aryl Hydrocarbon and Ryanodine Receptors 426 9. Future Use of Triclosan and Related Environmental Issues 428 10. Conclusions and Knowledge Gaps 429 11. General Lessons Learned from the Case Study of Triclosan 431 9. Emerging Threats to Fishes: Engineered Organic Nanomaterials Tyson J. MacCormack, Greg G. Goss and Richard D. Handy 1. Introduction 439 2. The Environmental Chemistry of Engineered Nanomaterials and Bioavailability to Fishes 443 3. Acute Toxicity of Organic ENMs 445 4. Uptake Routes and Target Organs for Organic ENMs 445 5. Effects of Organic ENMs on the Physiological Systems of Fishes 451 6. Studies on Organic ENMs and Capping Agents 458 7. Nanocrystalline and Nanofibrillar Cellulosic Materials 463 8. Polymer-coated ENMs in the Agricultural Sector 465 9. Key Needs in Environmental Risk Assessment of Organic ENMs 466 10. Conclusions and Perspectives 469 x CONTENTS 10. Handling Fish Mixture Exposures in Risk Assessment Dick de Zwart and Leo Posthuma 1 Introduction 482 2 Fish and Mixtures 485 3 Principles of Risk and Impact Assessment of Chemicals and Mixtures 488 4 Cumulative Risk Assessment for Mixtures of Toxicants 500 5 Evidence for Mixture Impacts in the Field 512 6 Conclusions, Overview, and Summary 519 INDEX 525 OTHER VOLUMES IN THE FISH PHYSIOLOGY SERIES 543 CONTRIBUTORS The numbers in parenthesis indicate the pages on which the authors contributions begin. BERNADITA F. ANULACION (53, 195), Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA MARY R. ARKOOSH (53, 195), Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA NILADRI BASU (141), Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA DOUGLAS G. BURROWS (53), Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA TRACY K. COLLIER (195), Science Director, Puget Sound Partnership, Tacoma, WA, USA DENIS A.M. DA SILVA (53), Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA DICK DE ZWART (483), RIVM, Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, The Netherlands MARIE E. DELORENZO (309), Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA xi xii CONTRIBUTORS KRISTOFFER DALHOFF (371), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark JOSEPH P.