Selinus University of Sciences and Literature, Italy, 2019 Research Proposal for the Award of the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degree in English Literature- On the Success of Multiculturalism Policies in Australia, Canada, the UK and the US. by VITHILINGEM, Soocramanien Research Proposal Presented to the Selinus University of Sciences and literature in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Supervisor: Dr. Salvatore Fava, (Uniselinus) PhD in International Law from the Selinus University of Sciences and Literature. 20 October, 2019 Dedication I dedicate this work to my wife, who has always supported me in my studies, although this meant, that more often than not, she was deprived of my company for days on end as I pored over pages of books and other bulky documents. One lifetime is not enough for the exploration and acquisition of knowledge. My wife supported me on my travels to Australia and the UK and accompanied and helped me with the interviews of members of the Indian community in Melbourne and in Wembley and Southall in the UK. She helped me with note taking in libraries in Box hill and interviews in Melbourne and London. She also helped me to interview visitors from abroad who visited us at home in Mauritius. I also extend cordial thanks to the lecturers of the Open University of Mauritius, in particular their Director General, Dr. Sukon and my former Supervisor, Dr. Sooshila Gopaul, for their initial guidance which, unfortunately for me, I did not always follow. My thanks are also extended to my Supervisor, Dr. Salvatore Fava of the Selinus University of Sciences and Literature for his continued support and his advice on how to work alone on my thesis and not to rely on any technical support. Last but not least, I offer heartfelt thanks to my daughter-in –law, Sarojini, for taking care of the most important but tedious work of editing and re-arranging in a presentable form the mass of information I retrieved from various sources. Title of thesis The Travails of the Indian Diaspora in four main countries of settlement: Australia, Canada, the UK and the US; how supportive policies of multiculturalism facilitated their settlement and, gradually, the emergence in their midst of germs of cosmopolitanism. I Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself under the guidance of my supervisor, and has not been presented or accepted in any previous application for a degree. The work, of which this is a record, has been carried out by myself unless otherwise stated, and where the work is mine, it reflects personal views and values. This is rather a tall claim in view of the abundant literature on the subject which, through constant reading and re-reading, is involuntarily adopted as one’s own. All quotations are indicated by quotation marks and all sources of information have been acknowledged in the reference list at the end. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to any plagiarism detection service. Signature of Student: Student’s full official name: Surname: Vithilingem; Name: Soocramanien. Previous degrees: BA General,(London); LLB (Hons.)London; PGDHRM (IGNOU); DPAM (Mtius); MA English (IGNOU); Training Of Trainers (India); and Management of Training (Royal Institute of Public Administration) London. Soocramanien Vithilingem. PhD Student, Selinus University of Sciences and Literature, Registration No.UNISEO78IIT Date of submission to Selinus University of Sciences and Literature: 20 October, 2019 II Copyright Statement. I hereby grant to the Selinus University of Sciences and Literature and its affiliates the non-exclusive licence to archive and make accessible under the conditions, specified below, my thesis, in whole or in part in all forms of media, now and hereafter known. I consent to the disclosure of the thesis to anyone who consults it or request a copy on the understanding that its copyright rests with me and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without proper referencing and acknowledgement. I also retain the right to use in future works such as articles or books) all parts of this thesis, dissertation or record of study . Conditions: Secure the work temporarily for patent and/or proprietary purposes and then the work for worldwide access on the Internet. Signature of Student: Full Official Name: Previous Degrees: BA (Gen); LLB (Hons.) London; PGDHRM (IGNOU); DPAM (Mtius); MA (English) IGNOU; Training of Trainers in Development Administration, ISTM, Govt. of India; Management of Training (Royal Institute of Public Administration, London). Date: 20 October, 2019 III TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1.0 – Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2.0 - My interest in the Indian Diaspora, multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism explained. ....... 14 2.1 The importance of my thesis ....................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 3.0 - Multiculturalism- How supportive of the Indian diaspora. ................................................... 19 3.1 Australia & Multiculturalism ...................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 My own comments on the interviews carried out by these young high school girls. ......... 41 3.1.3 Multicultural group having dinner in Blackburn, Australia. ............................................... 41 3.1.4 Research on the fate of Students of Indian origin in Australia. ......................................... 42 3 .2 Canada’s record of Multiculturalism. ......................................................................................... 44 3.3 Multiculturalism in the UK ......................................................................................................... 59 3.3.1 Unstructured interviews carried out in Southall and Wembley (See appendices ) ............. 61 3.4. The USA and Multiculturalism ................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 4 Cosmopolitanism-different perspectives. ................................................................................ 69 Chapter 5 -0 Trajectories of the diaspora in their unknown new homes and progress achieved by its members. 93 5.1 Australia ...................................................................................................................................... 95 5.2 Canada......................................................................................................................................... 99 5.3 The United Kingdom. ............................................................................................................... 102 5.4 The USA ................................................................................................................................... 107 Chapter 6 -Literature Review in countries of settlement .................................................................... 116 Chapter 7- Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 142 Chapter 8-Purpose of my thesis ................................................................................................................ 146 Chapter 9- Recapitulation, Conclusions and Recommendations. ............................................................. 148 9.1 UK ............................................................................................................................................. 150 9.2 Canada ..................................................................................................................................... 155 9.3 U.S ............................................................................................................................................ 156 9.4 Cosmopolitanism ..................................................................................................................... 161 List of References .................................................................................................................................... 165 LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 169 IN DEFENCE OF MY THESIS ............................................................................................................... 199 8 Abstract My interest lies with the steady flow of Indian migrants from India, starting in the late 19th century, fleeing poverty, unemployment and other evils that afflicted their country at a time when agricultural and industrial production relied on rudimentary technologies and low returns on investment. The British colonization of India largely contributed to the migratory waves. The First and Second World Wars accelerated this process with Indians fighting by the side of their colonial masters and, in some cases, accompanying them as nannies and domestic servants when they returned home. Another important phenomenon, akin to slavery, saw the transportation of thousands of Indians to the colonial plantations of cash crops, notably to the islands of Mauritius